b1 A Case Document Filed Page of Jour-40 Child-273 Sexual-274 Abuse Copyright-319 aylor-320 Francis-320 Group,-320 LLC online Construct-279 ooming-279 Child-280 Sexual Abuse:-279 Conceptual-279 Measur-17 ement-279 Issues Received-321 revised-320 January-319 accepted-320 April-319 Address-393 correspondence-392 illiam-392 2Donohue,-393 Department-393 Psychology,-393 University Nevada,-321 Mail-320 Stop-320 E-mail wto unr45 edu Case Document Filed Page of Bennett-274 2Donohue before-327 a1 buse-328 actually-328 taken-328 place-328 a1 buse-328 prevented.-327 Second forensic-246 context,-247 sexual-247 abuse-247 a1 llegations-246 might-246 partially-246 substantiated when-446 established-447 that-447 grooming-446 indeed-446 occur45 However54 without clear-457 grooming-457 de valid-457 m1 easuring-458 grooming,-457 this judgment-471 that-471 behavior-471 constitutes-470 grooming-471 becomes-471 problematic.-472 For example,-326 recently-324 convicted-326 of-9 fender-326 Nevada,-326 seeking appeal-420 conviction-418 grounds-419 that-420 testimony-418 provided-419 a psychologist-404 egarding-404 grooming-405 behavior-404 unreliable-403 Mower54 defense-390 a1 ttor-15 claimed-390 that-391 223Grooming-391 proven-390 science.-389 It 2s behavioral-409 thing tell-409 that-410 this-410 mind-410 this guy There-3 have-334 been-3 attempts-335 criminalize-3 grooming-334 in-3 several-334 countries United-312 States,-312 federal-312 a made-313 illegal thus-361 adds-362 years-361 onto-361 sentence-361 people-361 knowingly-361 of-9 child por-15 nography-422 minor-421 persuade-421 minor-421 participate-422 illegal activity-317 such-317 adult sexual-317 contact-318 certain-318 activities relating-501 material-502 constituting-500 containing-501 child-501 por-15 nography the United-389 Kingdom,-389 S1 ection-779 S1 exual-391 Of-9 fences-389 covered behavior-355 of-9 fender-355 m1 seeks-355 m1 child-356 with-355 the intention-471 committing-471 sexual-472 assault,-473 communicated with-353 that-355 child-353 least-355 earlier-354 occasions McAlinden However54 a1 Gillespie-299 noted,-300 de 036nitional-299 problems-300 with-299 construct grooming-307 limit-307 this-307 grooming-308 transient-307 feature-307 that dif-9 capture-356 a1 virtually-355 impossible-356 decide-356 when-356 begins-355 a1 nd ends McAlinden-256 also-257 described-256 another-257 designed-256 criminalize grooming-320 UK Sections-990 introduce-495 risk-494 sexual-495 har-13 order civil preventative-397 order-395 which-396 used-395 prohibit-395 speci behaviours including-360 221grooming children This-361 order-362 fectively-363 criminal izes-324 acts-324 which-323 carried-325 purposes-324 sexual-324 grooming only-542 after-544 individual-543 been-544 identi posing-542 risk-543 to children.-320 2Callaghan-549 described-548 that-549 ales-549 pled-549 guilty-547 was sentenced-284 year-285 prison-284 count-285 meeting-285 child-284 following-284 sex grooming-362 that-361 consisted-361 inappropriate-362 communication-361 Facebook In-4 addition,-4 a1 described-4 proposed-4 in-4 New-4 Zealand-4 that provides-348 sentence-348 three-348 years-349 prison-349 a1 nyone-348 participates-349 in online-265 223indecent-265 communication-267 with-265 anyone-267 under-266 This-266 aimed-266 a1 sexual-311 fenders-310 Inter-15 chatrooms-311 other-310 social-310 media-311 websites victims evident-470 that-471 these-471 legal-471 de 036nitions-469 grooming-471 a1 both-471 varied limited.-498 sorts-499 activities-498 that-499 these-499 laws-499 tar17 actually Case Document Filed Page of ooming-274 Child-273 Sexual-275 Abuse capture-447 notion-445 grooming-446 because-447 these-446 a1 lready-446 involve-445 illegal-445 a1 nd abusive-316 contract-318 with-316 child.-316 Grooming-317 generally-316 regarded-317 prior-317 a1 ctiv ities-434 intended-434 prepare-435 child-434 a1 actual-436 illegal-435 a1 busive activities-285 themselves.-284 legitimate-285 questions-285 raised-286 about-286 whether showing-273 child-273 por-15 nography-274 ought-273 regarded-273 grooming-274 because constitutes-338 a1 buse-339 itself.-339 Clarifying-338 de grooming-339 thus-338 make these-426 laws-427 a1 pplicable-426 many-427 m1 behaviors-426 that-427 a1 used-426 of-9 fenders intending-318 sexually-319 abuse-320 children important-474 note-473 that-474 clarifying-473 constructs-473 dif-9 yet important-589 process.-589 prominent-589 philosopher-588 science-588 Larry-590 Laudan suggested-575 that-574 science-574 both-574 empirical-575 conceptual-575 prob lems-455 that-456 scienti progress-456 made-456 when-455 either-455 type-455 problem-455 is addressed.-472 Conceptual-473 analysis-473 particularly-473 dif-9 a1 traditionally included-457 part-458 research-457 method-457 social-458 sciences-456 and also-401 because-401 involves-400 inherent-400 complexity-401 language-402 2Donohue conceptual-244 analysis-245 grooming-244 construct-244 necessary-244 the research-278 process,-279 salient-278 example-279 where-278 complexity-279 language contributes-413 de 036nitional-413 confusion-413 a1 leads-414 problematic-414 implications clinical-320 forensic-319 036elds a1 this-418 paper-420 highlight-418 need-418 clearer-419 de 036nition grooming-415 construct-415 that-415 applied-415 both-415 clinical-415 foren courts-364 currently-362 unable-364 take-363 m1 legal-363 action-364 against grooming-336 a1 well-334 understood-334 clearly-335 demarcated.-335 Further-14 more psychologists-329 currently-329 using-329 clinical-330 judgment-330 deter-14 mine-329 whether-329 an alleged-327 perpetrator behaviors-327 a1 considered-326 grooming.-328 eliability-325 a1 nd validity-354 these-355 judgments-354 a1 lar18 gely-355 unknown,-353 leaving-354 concer-15 unac ceptable-367 rates-368 false-368 positives-366 false-368 negatives.-367 additional-367 to review-253 empirical-254 literature-253 egarding-253 what-254 known-253 a1 bout-254 occurrence grooming-299 that-298 clear-299 de constructed.-298 clearer-298 def inition-412 grooming,-413 m1 scienti a1 ssessment-414 such-413 behavior-413 be established.-474 This-475 article-475 proposes-475 future-475 directions-474 esearch,-475 including validation-494 proposed-494 de development-494 assessment device CURRENT-320 DEFINITIONS three-427 tables-427 presented-427 here-427 list-426 various-427 de 036nitions-426 construct-427 of 223grooming currently-260 found-261 literature provides-260 various-261 general de 036nitions-246 ter-14 provides-247 subcategories-247 grooming-248 that-247 some authors-274 have-274 proposed,-275 and provides-273 stages-274 grooming-274 that-274 several authors-320 have-320 suggested Thus-366 there-365 wide-365 variability-365 that-366 exists-365 de sexual-366 grooming well-399 possible-398 subtypes-399 stages-399 grooming.-399 Although-399 many-400 the Case Document Filed Page of Bennett-274 2Donohue General-320 De 036nitions-321 Grooming Author D1 G1 rooming-319 taken-320 directly-320 from-319 reference Sgroi-319 does-321 perpetrator-319 child-320 participate-320 some-319 type-320 of sexual-320 behavior?-320 Usually-320 low-key,-320 nonforcible-320 fashion,-319 possibly-319 by presenting-319 activity-321 game-320 something-319 that-320 221special fun This-321 always-320 entails-321 misrepresentation-318 moral-320 standards,-318 either-320 verbally implicitly Per7 haps-319 rewards-319 bribes-319 will-320 fered Salter-320 establishment-319 eventual-321 betrayal fection-320 trust-319 occupies central-320 role-320 child-320 molester interactions-321 with-319 children.-320 The grooming-320 process-319 itself-320 often-319 seems-320 similar-320 from-319 fender-319 fender53 lar17 gely-321 because-319 takes-321 little-320 discover-320 that-320 emotional-319 seduction-320 the most-320 fective-320 manipulate-320 children Howitt-319 steps-320 taken-320 paedophiles-320 221entrap their-320 victims-321 some ways-321 analogous-321 adult-320 courtship Leber17 fender-319 plans-321 make-320 victim-320 less-320 likely-320 resist,-319 make-320 others unaware-320 what-320 doing,-320 even-320 make-320 them-320 likely-320 help-319 him without-320 their-320 knowledge,-319 molest-319 child Gallagher-321 223Entrapment-319 involves-320 array-320 material,-320 illicit-321 emotional 221inducements draw-320 c1 hildren-319 into-320 abusive-320 situations-318 increases their-320 dif-10 disclosing Brackenridge process-319 which-320 perpetrator-319 isolates-319 prepares-319 intended victim Gillespie-319 process-320 which-320 child-320 befriended-319 would-be-320 abuser-319 an attempt-320 gain-320 child con trust,-319 enabling-320 them-320 get c1 hild-320 acquiesce-320 abusive-319 activity.-321 frequently-319 pre-requisite abuser-319 gain-320 access-320 child Berson-318 223Grooming-319 involves-321 clever-320 process-319 manipulation,-320 typically-320 initiated through-319 nonsexual-319 approach,-319 which-319 designed-319 entice-319 victim-319 into sexual-320 encounter-320 Brown inhibitions-319 c1 hild-320 are lowered-320 through-319 active-321 engagement,-320 desensitization,-319 power-320 control often-320 characterized-320 seduction,-319 involving-320 slow-320 gradual process-320 lear-15 ning-319 about-320 child-320 building-319 trust.-319 This-320 also contributes-320 dif-10 detecting-321 activity.-321 Grooming-319 also-319 a deceptive-321 process-318 which-320 child-320 unprepared-319 interpret-319 cues which-310 signal-310 danger-309 Predators-308 skilled-309 gaining-310 trust-309 a child-320 before-320 luring-319 them-320 into-320 interactions.-319 process-318 grooming through-320 for-14 mation-320 close-320 bond-319 creates-320 victim-320 more likely-321 comply-320 with-320 sexual-320 advances 2Connell course-319 conduct-320 enacted-320 suspected-319 paedophile,-320 which-320 would give-321 easonable-319 person-319 cause-320 concer-15 that-320 meeting-320 with-319 a child-320 arising-320 from-319 conduct-320 would-319 unlawful-320 purposes Spiegel-320 223Subjection-316 process-317 predisposing-314 sexual-317 abuse-316 means subtle-319 blatant-320 interactions-320 that-320 lead-320 boundary-319 dif-10 fusion-319 role confusion Craven,-319 Brown Gilchrist process-319 which-320 person-319 prepares-319 child,-320 signi adults-319 the environment-320 abuse-319 this-320 child.-320 Speci goals-320 include-320 gaining access-321 child,-320 gaining-320 child compliance-320 maintaining-320 the child secrecy-320 avoid-320 disclosure.-318 This-320 process-318 serves-319 strengthen-319 the fender abusive-320 patter-15 used-319 means-321 justifying-319 or denying-320 their-320 actions Knoll-319 process-320 which-320 fenders-320 carefully-320 initiate-320 maintain sexually-320 abusive-320 elationships-319 with-320 children.-320 Grooming-319 conscious deliberate,-320 carefully-320 orchestrated-319 approach-320 used-319 fender45 goal-320 grooming-319 per-14 sexual-320 encounter-320 keep-319 a secret Case Document Filed Page of ooming-274 Child-273 Sexual-275 Abuse Proposed-319 Subtypes-320 Grooming Author ypes-319 G1 rooming Leber17 Physically-320 grooming-319 victim Psychologically-320 grooming-319 victim-320 family Grooming-319 social-320 environment-319 community Craven,-318 Brown,-317 Gilchrist-318 Self-grooming Grooming-319 environment-320 signi others 3.Grooming-320 child McAlinden-319 Personal Familial Institutional discussed-319 Howitt Extrafamilial Intrafamilial de 036nitions-335 share-337 some-338 similarities,-336 many-337 behaviors-337 classi as grooming-361 under-360 some-361 de 036nitions-360 under-360 others.-361 Some-361 these-361 sim ilarities-505 de include-506 criterion-505 preparing-506 child-505 a1 buse Brackenridge Craven,-520 Brown,-520 Gilchrist Gallagher53 gaining-473 child trust-473 Berson Craven-474 al Gillespie Salter53 making-430 m1 dif-9 child-429 resist-428 disclose-429 the abuse-432 Berson Craven-433 al Gallagher53 Gillespie Knoll Leber17 enumeration-398 speci tactics-399 used-399 to groom-320 child-319 Berson Gallagher53 Further-14 variety-297 dif-9 ferent-297 kinds-296 de 036nitional-296 f1 eatures-298 a1 pro posed.-360 example,-361 de mentions-360 223betrayal Salter53 while another-480 references-479 223courtship Howitt Some-481 proposed-480 de 036nitions give-446 concrete-446 examples-447 grooming-446 Gallagher54 while others-347 give-348 abstract-348 properties-348 capture-348 what-348 authors-348 take-348 be essential-336 properties-337 grooming-336 2Connell S1 piegel Some de 036nitions-257 fairly-258 brief-258 m1 vague-259 Brackenridge Howitt Spiegel whereas-458 others-457 a1 much-458 longer-458 m1 detailed-457 a1 bout what-413 grooming-414 looks-413 like-412 Berson Craven-413 al Obviously-484 this-485 heterogeneity-484 presents-484 serious-485 challenges-485 forensic-484 and clinical-319 work Some-301 these-301 de 036nitions-300 involve-299 additional-300 dif-10 036culties-300 that-301 ter-14 ms used-488 de grooming-488 present-488 additional-488 serious-488 de 036nitional-486 problems themselves.-425 example,-427 Salter-426 used-425 phrase-426 223emotional-425 seduc tion grooming-424 de This-424 requires-423 further-424 delineation-424 what exactly-479 emotional-478 seduction-478 entails-479 well-478 measurement-480 strategy-479 to validly-318 capture-319 this-318 a1 lleged-319 dimension.-317 another-318 example,-319 S1 piegel de involves-432 constructs-433 such-433 a1 223boundary-433 dif-9 fusion con fusion These-368 constructs-368 a1 part-368 standard-369 scienti lexicon-367 and thus-289 create-290 further-290 impediments-289 enhancing-290 scienti understanding-289 of grooming-296 process.-297 Finally,-296 some-296 de 036nitions-295 propose-296 stages-297 grooming Case Document Filed Page of Bennett-274 2Donohue Proposed-319 Stages-321 Grooming Author Stages-321 Grooming Identify-320 vulnerable-320 child Engage-320 that-320 child-320 peerlike-319 environment Desensitize-320 child-319 touch Isolate-319 child Make-320 c1 hild-320 feel-320 responsible Brackenridge-319 Applies-273 ooming-274 sport ar17 geting-320 potential-320 victim Building-319 trust-319 friendship Developing-320 isolation-320 control,-320 building-320 loyalty Initiation-320 sexual-320 abuse-319 securing-319 secrecy discussed-319 in Howitt-320 Applies-274 extrafamilial-273 ooming fender-319 masturbates-320 fantasizes-320 about-320 future contacts,-320 befriended-319 while-320 fort-319 made-320 to ear-15 parents trust,-319 outings-319 c1 ommon-319 achieve intimacy fender-319 about-319 boy home school problems 223counseling role-319 created Physical-320 contact-320 nonsexual-319 sort-319 begins,-319 fender 2s masturbation-319 fantasy-320 continue,-320 sexual-320 touches-320 begin gradually-320 increase-319 severity Applies-274 intrafamilial-272 ooming Tickling-320 child Bathing fender sexual-320 arousal-319 fantasy child-320 going-319 fender bed fender-319 knows-320 child-320 likes-320 being-320 tickled education Tickling-320 eaches-320 child sexual-320 parts fender-319 masturbates-320 child genitals child-320 trapped-319 into-320 silence Sexual-321 contact-320 increased fenders-320 cognitive-320 distortions-320 increase Becomes-321 dif-10 sexual-319 contact fending-320 behavior-320 reinforced-319 through-319 masturbation-319 to fantasies Christiansen-318 Blake-319 Applies-273 father10 226daughter ooming rust Favoritism Alienation Secrecy Boundary-319 violations 2Connell-319 Applies-273 online-274 ooming Friendship-for-14 ming Relationship-for-14 ming Risk-319 assessment Exclusivity Sexual Case Document Filed Page of ooming-274 Child-273 Sexual-275 Abuse which-306 makes-307 de 036nitional-306 a1 measurement-307 process-307 even-307 more-306 complex each-401 these-401 stages-401 m1 delineated-400 a1 validly-400 measured,-400 this must-389 done-388 with-388 proposed-389 sequencing-388 a1 example,-389 yre 2s proposed-455 stages-455 intrafamilial-455 abuse-454 involved-453 separate-455 steps which-440 according-441 author-440 identi groom behaviors.-314 Howitt-314 pointed-314 this-314 a1 ccount-314 a1 buse-315 cycle makes-257 elatively-256 short-ter-14 epetitive-256 process which certainly-319 representative-319 a1 cases-320 child-319 sexual-320 abuse GROOMING-320 DEVIANT-320 PROCESS Part-268 dif-9 identifying-267 clarifying-267 useful-268 de groom fact-310 that-310 many-310 behaviors-309 used-309 perpetrators-310 appear-310 quite-309 similar behaviors-377 seen-377 nor-14 adult relationships.-376 Buying-377 gifts-378 chil dren-341 taking-341 them-341 private-342 outings-341 obviously-341 always-342 precursors sexual-375 abuse.-375 Using-373 male-375 sports-374 world-373 example,-375 Hartill-374 wrote-408 that-408 preparing-408 a1 perpetrator-408 a1 such 221disinhibiting techniques-387 through-388 drawing-388 practices-389 a1 discourses-387 that varying-446 degrees,-447 nor-14 mative-447 f1 eature-447 within-446 male sports-381 contexts Obviously-380 part-381 eason-380 this-380 similarity-380 to nor-14 mative-297 behavior-296 that-296 potential-297 abuser-296 does-296 want-296 detected thus-313 wants-314 disguise-312 what-314 setting-313 accomplish.-313 addition must-296 recognized-296 that-296 sexual-296 of-9 fenders-296 grooming-296 techniques Groth,-479 Hobson,-480 Gary-480 dif-9 ferentiated-479 between-479 molesters and-3 rapists Part-3 this-3 distinction-331 for-3 these-332 authors-332 stems-3 from-332 their observation-450 that-451 child-451 molesters-450 grooming-451 process-451 their-450 victims whereas-305 child-305 rapists-306 a1 their-305 a1 ssaults-307 occur-306 suddenly.-305 These-306 a1 uthors also-456 pointed-456 that-456 child-456 molesters-456 a1 much-457 more-456 common-457 than-457 child rapists.-472 Alter-15 natively,-471 some-472 authors-472 seem-472 construe-471 grooming-472 behaviors mirroring-334 behaviors-3 seen-334 in-3 dating-334 relationships-332 between-3 two-3 consenting adults.-257 example,-258 Her-14 wrote-257 that-258 sexually-257 abusive-257 fathers-258 make attempt-258 223court their-257 daughters-258 giving-256 them-257 presents-257 e.g expensive-319 jewelry-319 lingerie PREV1 ALENCE-319 GROOMING Because-248 de grooming-248 varies-247 from-247 study-247 study,-246 currently-247 there know-316 precisely-316 prevalent-317 grooming-317 because-317 each-317 study employs-250 some-251 variant-250 de Nevertheless,-250 there-250 have-250 been-250 several empirical-326 studies-326 conducted-326 with-325 child-325 molesters-327 deter-14 mine-325 what-327 speci methods-355 they-355 frequently-355 choose-356 their-355 victims,-354 initiate-355 abuse,-355 and keep-384 their-384 victims-384 from-385 disclosing.-384 Other-384 researchers-384 have-385 chosen-384 focus Case Document Filed Page of Bennett-274 2Donohue victims-451 them-451 what-451 techniques-450 their-450 abusers-451 used-451 prior-451 to a1 important-370 note-370 that-370 this-369 a1 rticle,-369 examples-371 grooming with-393 dif-9 f1 erent-392 genders-394 p1 erpetrator-394 a1 genders-393 victim-393 a1 readily distinguished.-403 This-404 primarily-404 fact-405 that-404 grooming-405 literature reviewed-343 always-345 provide-345 statistics-345 about-345 which-345 grooming-345 behaviors were-332 used-3 on-3 boys-3 versus-3 g1 irls.-3 In-3 a1 ddition,-3 most-334 of-3 the-3 g1 rooming-334 literature reviewed-318 discussed-319 male-320 of-9 fenders Identifying-320 Potential-320 ictims Elliott-423 colleagues-424 interviewed-422 child-423 of-9 fenders-424 a1 bout-424 the strategies-408 they-407 used-408 when-407 committing-408 their-407 fenses.-408 They-408 found-407 that-409 of-9 fenders-538 explicitly-537 worked-537 becoming-538 welcome-538 child 2s home-321 a1 of-9 fered-321 incentives-319 threatened-320 their-321 victims-320 recruit-320 other children-319 a1 then-319 gave-320 bribes-319 ecruits Conte,-525 Smith-526 interviewed-524 of-9 fenders-525 a1 bout-525 their crimes.-502 They-502 found-502 that-502 fenders-502 often-502 admitted-502 being-502 able-502 iden tify-404 what-405 they-405 considered-403 vulnerable-403 child 223needy seemed-351 223quiet example,-351 fender-350 stated-350 that-351 tactic-350 to easy-320 manipulate.-320 They-319 will-318 along-319 with-319 anything would-337 a1 pproach-339 them-337 being-336 friendly,-337 letting-336 them-337 think-338 was someone-319 they-319 could-319 con talk-320 to Conte-320 a1 review-626 literature-626 a1 bout-627 sexual-628 abuse-627 involving-625 teachers Shakeshaft-535 noted-534 that-534 selection-533 victim-532 the compliance-395 student-394 likelihood-392 secrecy eachers usually-345 look-344 victimize-345 students-345 whom-345 they-345 have-346 control-345 over45 S1 hakeshaft also-293 identi factors-295 that-294 make-294 child-293 vulnerable-292 educator-293 sexual-294 abuse such-488 problems-488 a1 home-488 with-488 parents,-488 lack-487 con partici pation-415 other-414 risky-414 behavior45 However54 a1 m1 emembered-414 that nonof-9 fending-359 adults-359 could-360 same-360 needs-359 these-359 vulnerable-359 children want-318 help-317 them-317 legitimate-317 Thus-318 child vulnerability-315 a1 nd needs-319 cannot-320 suf-9 condition-319 de grooming Attention,-320 Bribery,-320 Coercion Elliott-305 colleagues-305 found-306 that-307 fenders-306 their-306 sample fered-344 play-344 games,-344 teach-345 sport,-344 teach-344 play-344 musical-345 instru Forty-six-390 percent-390 gave-392 bribes,-390 took-390 child-390 a1 outing,-390 drove child-361 Thirty-361 percent-361 admitted-362 using-361 fection-363 love-361 gain child trust.-455 Forty-six-454 percent-455 of-9 fenders-456 used-455 gifts-455 bribes-454 in exchange-320 sexual-320 favors of-9 fenders-304 interviewed-303 Conte-305 a1 colleagues-304 also-305 claimed they-642 used-643 bribery-643 coercive-642 strategies-643 prior-643 sexual-643 contact.-644 For example,-390 fender-390 stated-390 that-390 speci methods-390 included-388 223play Case Document Filed Page of ooming-274 Child-273 Sexual-275 Abuse talking,-285 giving-285 special-286 a1 ttention,-285 trying-285 child-285 initiate-285 contact-286 with child-320 feel-321 safe-320 talk-321 with-319 me literature-549 eview-549 teacher-549 sexual-550 misconduct,-549 Knoll-549 found-489 that-489 educator-489 sexual-490 fenders-489 tend-490 bribery-489 giving-488 their students-498 special-499 attention-499 ewards.-499 According-498 Knoll,-498 power-498 of such-399 rewards-399 a1 fect-400 student-399 should-399 underestimated.-398 Rewards from-406 teacher-406 have-406 crucial-405 impact-407 student motivation-405 and cognitions Budin-318 a1 Johnson-317 interviewed-316 of-9 fenders-318 a1 bout-318 methods they-352 used-353 gain-353 access-354 abuse-353 their-352 victims.-353 When-353 asked-353 what-353 they gain-397 their-397 victims trust,-397 majority-397 fenders-397 admitted-398 acting like-256 child friend-257 playing-257 games-258 with-257 Other-257 strategies-257 included giving-319 money,-320 candy,-320 cigarettes,-320 beer54 drugs-320 child study-454 institutional-454 sexual-455 a1 Gallagher-455 looked-454 at sample-448 substantiated-448 cases-448 abuse.-447 found-448 that-448 grooming,-448 or 223entrapment which-318 de process-319 which-319 perpetrators-319 draw children-428 into-428 a1 busive-429 situations-428 make-429 dif-9 them-429 disclose eported-427 cases.-428 these-427 cases,-428 found-428 that-428 perpetrators-412 took-412 child-411 away-412 from-412 institution-411 thus-411 isolating-411 the child gave-334 child-332 extra-3 attention,-3 gave-334 money-3 to-3 the-3 child,-332 provided-337 child-336 with-337 illicit-335 goods,-338 a1 provided-337 child-337 with-337 games toys their-277 interviews-276 with-277 victims,-277 Berliner-277 Conte-277 found that-489 many-490 children-489 shared-489 similar-489 experiences-489 with-489 bribery-489 a1 coercion prior-296 their-296 a1 Sixty-one-296 percent-296 children-296 eported-296 that-297 their-295 a1 busers made-3 excuses-332 spend-3 time-332 alone-3 with-332 indicated-332 that-332 they-3 were told-394 that-394 they-394 were-394 special,-394 dif-9 f1 erent,-393 only-393 understood-394 the abuser;-504 said-504 that-503 their-503 abuser-503 treated-503 them-504 adult-503 acted child-392 toward-392 reported-392 that-392 their-392 a1 busers-392 gave-393 them-392 special privileges-355 that-356 made-357 them-355 feel-356 obligated-356 compliant-356 abuse;-357 indicated-454 that-455 their-454 a1 buser-455 shared-455 private-455 infor-14 mation-455 a1 bout-455 spouses-454 with reported-314 that-315 their-314 a1 buser-314 prevented-314 them-314 from-315 having-315 friends-314 or doing-419 activities-419 that-420 other-420 children-419 reported-419 that-420 their-420 a1 buser treated-319 them-320 223meaner than-320 other-319 children Shakeshaft-329 wrote-328 that-328 educator-328 sexual-328 abuse,-328 teachers-328 usually 223coerce their-318 student-319 victims-318 providing-318 additional-318 help-318 a1 dvisement project-309 taking-308 a1 outing that-309 only-308 a1 llows-308 time-309 a1 lone-308 with victim-427 a1 a1 ctivities-427 which-427 victim parents-428 tend-428 be grateful-315 teacher45 Further-14 pointed-314 that-314 because-315 these-314 a1 cts constitute-298 recognizable-297 sexual-299 abuse-299 a1 because-298 they-298 share-299 sim ilarities-311 with-311 legitimate-312 activities,-312 complaint-313 about-312 these-312 activities-311 cannot lead-320 much-320 disciplinary-319 action Christiansen-365 Blake-366 discussed-365 that-367 father 226daughter-367 incest most-528 fathers-527 purposely-527 build-527 trusting-527 elationship-526 with-527 their-527 daughters Case Document Filed Page of Bennett-274 2Donohue prior-420 beginning-419 sexual-421 abuse.-420 However53 this-420 somewhat-420 037awed analysis,-412 a1 there-412 ought-413 trusting-412 elationship-412 a1 father 226daughter relationships,-317 a1 least-319 prior-318 a1 abuse.-318 Seventy-three-318 percent-318 perpetrat fathers-268 viewed-267 this-268 trust-268 crucial-268 sexual-268 relationship-267 educe-268 the risk-335 daughter-336 disclosing-334 abuse-335 ner10 Kear-15 cited-335 in Christiansen-293 Blake Many-293 fathers-295 also-293 show-294 clear-293 signs-294 favoritism toward-294 their-293 victimized-294 daughter-294 elative-293 their-293 other-294 children.-293 Bur17 gess-294 a1 nd Holmstrom-376 wrote-376 that-376 molesters-376 tend-376 three-376 types-376 p1 ressure make-338 their-337 victims-338 compliant:-338 material-339 goods,-338 m1 isrepresentation-337 m1 oral standards,-344 need-342 human-343 contact.-343 They-343 noted-342 that-343 material-344 goods most-320 frequent-319 tool-320 that-319 of-9 fenders-320 use dif-9 ference-408 been-408 found-409 between-408 genders-409 victim-408 this emotional-503 coercion-503 type-503 grooming.-503 Spiegel-504 noted-503 that-503 male victims,-358 emotional-358 coercion-358 take-358 negative-358 example,-358 per10 petrators-402 name-calling-402 words-402 such-402 223fag 223whore the male-293 child-292 down-293 a1 make-293 feel-293 ashamed-294 a1 thus-292 less-293 likely-292 disclose a1 buse Sexual-319 Desensitization Elliott-271 colleagues-272 found-273 that-273 those-272 fenders-273 used-273 babysit ting-396 strategy-397 gain-397 access-397 their-396 victims,-396 started-397 talking-396 the child-511 about-512 misrepresented-511 a1 buse-513 a1 educational-513 loving which-487 again-488 part-489 grooming-488 because-488 some-488 this-487 would postabuse a1 of-9 fered-401 bathe-401 clothe-401 child.-401 Further-14 more these-344 authors-345 found-344 that-345 fenders-345 said-345 move-345 they-344 made sexual-389 touching-387 genital-388 kissing.-388 Thirty-two-387 percent-388 fenders asked-270 child-269 help-270 with-270 undressing-270 lying-270 Forty-four-270 percent-270 of fenders-349 used-349 coercion-349 persuasion,-349 talked-349 about-349 with-349 the child,-397 used-398 223accidental touch.-398 Sixty-one-398 percent-398 fenders would-363 stop-363 abuse-365 child-363 became-365 resistant-363 a1 then-364 persuaded-364 the child-320 them-320 begin-320 again.-321 Many-320 fenders-320 committed-320 abusive-320 acts-320 in their-397 homes,-398 where-396 used-397 por-15 nographic-397 videos-396 magazines-398 to desensitize-319 child Conte-283 a1 colleagues-283 found-283 that-283 sexual-284 desensitization-283 com monly-292 used-292 among-292 fenders-292 their-291 sample.-292 example,-292 fender stated Most-381 time-382 would-383 start-383 giving-382 them-382 When-384 got them-279 aroused,-281 would-280 take-280 chance-280 place-280 hand-280 their-280 penis masturbate-280 they-280 would-280 object,-280 would-280 take-280 this-279 mean-280 it would-243 isolate-243 might-242 spend-243 night-243 with-243 Physical isolation,-435 closeness,-436 contact-437 a1 more-437 important-437 than-436 verbal-438 seduction Case Document Filed Page of ooming-274 Child-273 Sexual-275 Abuse Knoll-478 found-479 that-479 while-478 teacher-479 using-478 bribery-479 gain-480 the trust-434 victim,-433 typically-433 conversation-434 about-434 sexual-434 matters-434 with-433 stu dent-349 also-350 starting-350 emer17 Physical-349 contact-350 then-349 gradually-350 increased Further-14 Gallagher-612 found-612 that-611 cases-612 where-611 223entrapment behaviors-331 were-331 eported,-331 perpetrators-332 initiated-331 physical-331 contact-332 with child-319 behaved-319 sexual-320 manner-320 with-319 child Further-14 dif-9 ferences-322 between-321 genders-322 victim-321 have-323 also-322 been noted-383 sexual-384 desensitization-382 type-383 grooming.-383 Spiegel-383 noted that-261 por-15 nography-262 sexually-261 desensitize-260 children-259 m1 common with-320 male-320 victims-319 than-320 with-320 female-320 victims Boundary-319 iolations Berliner-471 Conte-471 found-471 that-471 children-470 eported-471 that-471 their abusers-268 223accidentally came-269 into-268 their-268 bedroom-268 bathroom-268 while-268 they-268 were undressing;-307 indicated-307 that-308 their-307 a1 busers-307 223accidentally touched-306 their-307 pri vate-439 parts;-440 said-439 that-439 their-438 a1 busers-438 respect-438 their-438 privacy-439 let them-498 close-498 doors;-498 reported-498 that-499 their-498 a1 busers-498 223accidentally showed their-309 naked-310 body-310 indicated-310 that-310 their-309 a1 busers-309 would-310 purposely things-393 with-394 child-393 that-395 involved-393 physical-394 contact;-394 said-394 that-394 their abusers-511 made-512 sexual-512 comments-512 about-511 child body-510 clothing;-510 reported-406 that-406 their-405 a1 busers-406 a1 sked-406 them-405 things-405 that-406 involved-405 physical contact;-391 said-391 that-391 their-390 abusers-392 would-390 inspect-390 child body-390 see developing indicated-320 that-321 their-320 abusers-321 educa tion by-3 showing-332 por-15 nographic-334 pictures-332 and-3 touching-332 the-3 child body;-3 reported-369 that-370 their-370 a1 busers-370 told-369 child-369 about-370 sexual-370 things-370 previ ously-364 indicated-363 that-365 their-364 a1 busers-364 lotion-364 ointment-364 on child-319 when-319 they-319 were-319 alone-319 said-320 doing-320 nothing-318 wrong According-523 Christiansen-523 Blake stages-524 grooming-523 in father 226daughter-365 incest,-364 last-365 step-365 involves-364 father-365 violating-364 daugh ter boundaries.-368 particular53 fathers-369 insist-368 bathing-369 their-368 daughters allow-393 other-393 family-394 members-395 These-394 baths-394 frequently involve-411 inappropriate-413 sexual-413 behavior45 Fathers-413 a1 insist-411 dressing-411 their daughters-437 watching-437 them-437 dressed.-436 addition,-436 fathers-437 will-436 tend watch-368 child-368 bathroom.-368 Finally,-368 perpetrating-368 fathers-369 will-367 have sexually-288 explicit-287 conversations-287 with-287 daughter-288 further-288 desensitize-287 them Grooming-320 Child Environment Elliott-390 colleagues-391 found-392 that-392 fenders-392 their-391 sam admitted-365 they-365 gained-365 trust-365 child family-366 with-365 purpose-366 of abusing-337 child.-335 Forty-eight-336 percent-337 isolated-336 their-337 victims-336 through-337 babysit Further-14 Knoll-302 found-303 that-303 teacher-303 also-304 manipulate-303 the Case Document Filed Page of Bennett-274 2Donohue relationship-288 with-289 victim parents-289 gain-290 their-289 a1 pproval-290 spending-289 time with-319 their-319 child pointed-250 that-250 many-251 child-250 molesters-250 spend-251 years-250 gain trust-337 members-337 community-338 before-336 a1 ctually-338 sexually-337 abusing children.-379 hypothesized-379 that-380 these-380 fenders-379 several-380 social-380 psy chological-382 techniques-381 groom-382 community-383 fectively.-381 example they-475 223foot-in-the-door-473 technique showing-474 uninvited-474 a child birthday-418 party-420 spending-418 time-419 playing-419 games-419 with-418 children The-3 parents-3 would-3 feel-334 uncomfortable-3 a1 sking-332 this-3 person-3 to-3 leave-3 have thus-382 subtly-381 cooperated-383 with-381 of-9 fender45 From-382 then-382 would-381 easier of-9 fender-301 gain-301 cooperation-301 from-301 parents-301 spending-301 time-301 with children.-479 Of-9 fenders-479 also-480 confor-14 mity-480 against-480 these-480 parents would-329 against-331 social-330 nor-14 rude-330 person-330 leave-330 party when-310 children-309 a1 enjoying-309 spending-310 time-311 with-309 of-9 fender45 a1 ddition cognitive-432 dissonance-432 play-433 a1 parents-433 will-431 make-433 their beliefs-390 about-391 of-9 fender-391 consistent-390 with-391 their-390 a1 ctions-391 letting-390 their-391 chil dren-292 around-293 they-293 will-292 believe-291 that-293 they-292 think-292 good person Finally,-416 con mation-415 bias-416 also-416 play-416 a1 parents-416 will tend-285 only-285 accept-287 infor-14 mation-286 that-286 con ming-286 their-285 existing-286 beliefs-285 about of-9 fender45 Commonalities major-500 commonalities-498 de 036nitions-497 reviewed-498 well-498 the empirical-500 studies-500 grooming-501 a1 a some-501 sort-500 inappropriate-501 behav part-418 prospective-417 abuser-418 whether-417 bribe,-417 boundary violation,-491 invasion-493 privacy,-493 misstatement-494 morality,-492 mischaracterizing interaction-379 223game isolation,-378 emotional-380 manipulation,-379 etc function-347 this-347 inappropriate-348 behavior-347 increase-347 likelihood-346 that adult-416 sexually-416 abuse-416 child-415 example,-416 gaining-416 access-416 to gaining-373 their-374 trust,-374 silencing-373 isolating-373 desensitizing-373 them nudity-328 etc Each-328 component-328 de have-328 dif-9 ferent topographies-294 individual-293 cases-294 sometimes-294 inappropriate-294 behavior removing-447 door-447 child bedroom,-448 sometimes-448 buy child-427 bikini function-427 behavior-428 increase-427 the likelihood-318 future-319 abusive-319 contact PROPOSED-320 DEFINITION de ought-274 empirical-274 eviewed-273 previously-273 about common-279 strategies-279 used-279 sexual-280 molesters.-279 addition,-279 believe-278 that-279 the most-263 useful-263 de grooming-263 would-262 a1 ttempt-264 instantiate-263 following de 036nitional-319 meta-criteria Case Document Filed Page of ooming-274 Child-273 Sexual-275 Abuse Minimize-375 false-376 negatives.-376 wanted-375 de sensitive occurrences-319 grooming Minimize-348 false-349 positives.-348 Thus-349 also-349 wanted-348 de same time-329 speci a1 overinclusive-328 including-328 per-11 fectly-330 a1 ppropriate behaviors-319 invalid-320 examples-320 grooming capable-320 providing-319 basis-320 valid-319 assessment-320 procedure include-347 constructs-349 that-348 themselves-348 bring-348 about-348 further-348 de 036nitional problems Minimize-383 judgment,-384 although-384 completely-383 avoid-384 believe-382 that deter-14 mining-262 behavior-263 grooming-264 essentially-263 requires-262 some-264 complex judgments-319 egarding-320 appropriateness Show-278 interrater-278 eliability-277 have-278 high-278 degree-278 a1 greement-278 across-279 raters Allow-404 rater-405 have-405 m1 ultiple-405 choices-405 egarding-405 decisions-404 given complexity-453 individual-451 cases,-454 such-453 clearly-452 grooming,-454 probably grooming,-320 uncertain,-320 grooming Allow-577 third-577 party-578 understand-577 logic-577 these-577 judgments-577 and conclusions-261 explicating-261 decision-261 pathway-262 these-261 judgments propose-278 that-277 grooming-277 de 223antecedent-277 inappropriate-278 behavior that-389 functions-388 increase-389 likelihood-386 future-388 sexual-389 abuse T1 here-388 a1 re stages-366 grooming-365 a1 there-365 a1 some-365 de 036nitions-364 proposing-365 stages necessitates-258 a1 dditional-258 de 036nitions-256 demarcations-258 each-258 stage.-259 Therefore there-361 a1 individual-361 criteria-361 that-362 m1 m1 consider-361 behavior-361 to 223grooming a behavior-453 being-454 evaluated-453 must-455 itself-453 be inappropriate-310 case-310 this-308 inappropriateness-310 must-310 a sound-319 ar17 gument-321 must-320 presented-319 that-320 behavior-319 behaviors-319 increases likelihood-323 future-326 sexual-326 abuse.-326 de further-326 elucidated-325 by providing-319 number-320 exemplars-321 grooming sexualization-372 relationship-371 such-373 a1 talking-372 about-373 way that-378 per-14 m1 issible-377 given-378 a1 dult elationship-377 with-378 child-378 e.g per-14 m1 issible-325 parents-326 provide-326 education-326 their-326 children or exposing-403 child-403 sexually-402 explicit-402 materials-404 such-403 rated-403 movies showing-428 child-429 por-15 nography-429 would-429 a1 busive-429 a1 itself-428 and therefore-318 grooming Inappropriate-319 gift-319 giving-318 developmentally-318 socially-319 inappropriate,-320 such bikinis-319 bras-320 purchased-320 neighbor-319 teacher Inappropriate-415 nonsexual-414 communication-415 with-414 child-414 telling-413 the child-360 only-361 understands-361 of-9 fender54 telling-359 love-310 you when-310 social-310 appropriate-311 this-310 type-311 commu nication particularly-337 when-338 adult-337 uses-337 these-337 statements-338 manipulate child-401 something-400 love-401 people-401 love-400 each other-319 touch-320 each-320 other Case Document Filed Page of Bennett-274 2Donohue Inappropriate-549 touching-549 child-549 excessive-549 tickling,-548 hugging wrestling,-318 sitting-319 lap Bribes-544 inappropriate-545 contact-544 bribes-544 nonsexual-544 sexual touching-319 bribes-319 meet-319 a1 dult-319 secretly Threats-319 elated-319 participating-320 inappropriate-320 contact Inappropriate-462 isolation-461 child-461 trips-462 where-462 of-9 fender-462 and victim-375 a1 lone-376 that-375 part-376 nor-14 adult relationship per-14 m1 issible-313 father-314 drive-314 child-314 school inappropriately discouraging-334 child-3 play-334 with-334 friends-334 with-3 family.-334 parents other-458 caretakers,-458 threshold-457 what-458 considered-457 inappropriate behavior-319 higher-319 than-320 other-319 adults Favoritism-298 directed-298 toward-299 child-298 child-298 treated-299 m1 better than-304 siblings-302 classmates,-304 particularly-304 when-303 this-303 intimate-304 isolating Boundary-246 violations-245 such-246 inappropriately-246 bathing-245 child,-245 clothing-245 the child,-402 sleeping-403 with-402 child,-403 adult-402 being-403 underwear-403 around-403 the child,-286 adult-287 a1 cting-286 like-286 child,-286 adult-287 sharing-286 private-287 infor-14 mation with-419 child,-419 particularly-420 sexual-421 elationship-419 infor-14 mation-420 wife-425 having-426 sex Again,-426 parents,-426 family-426 members-426 or caregivers-316 threshold-316 m1 higher-316 de boundary-317 violation than-320 others Asking-478 child-479 keep-478 secrets,-478 particularly-480 a1 bout-480 their-478 contact-480 e.g m1 other Christmas-389 present-388 would-388 regarded-388 problematic secret,-311 whereas-312 a1 sking-312 child-311 tell-312 that-312 with-312 of-9 fender would-319 be Providing-546 child-547 drugs-547 a1 lcohol-547 although-548 this-547 behavior-547 is already-647 a1 busive,-646 not sexually abusive;-647 consid ered-442 grooming-442 behavior-442 inappropriate-443 a1 serves-442 facilitate compliance-320 with-319 intended-319 sexual-321 abuse Misstating-261 moral-262 standards-263 egarding-261 touching,-261 contact,-262 particularly when-320 these-320 elate-320 adult sexual-320 contact-320 sexualizing-319 situation Repeated-461 violations-461 child privacy-462 walking-460 into-461 bathroom when-319 child-318 there,-319 watching-320 dressed,-319 etc m1 these-503 f1 eatures-503 p1 resent,-503 more-503 likelihood-501 individual 2s behavior-373 represents-372 grooming.-374 further-373 clarify-373 grooming-373 de it helpful-453 also-453 look-452 speci exemplars-452 nongrooming behaviors-319 that-320 misinterpreted Purchasing-319 appropriate-321 gifts-320 child-319 birthdays Engaging-320 a1 ppropriate-321 hand-holding-318 cross-320 street Bathing-287 young-286 child-287 legitimate-287 caregiver-286 without-287 inappropriate touching Case Document Filed Page of ooming-274 Child-273 Sexual-275 Abuse Having-335 age-appropriate-336 a1 relationship-appropriate-334 discussions-335 body parts care-giving-329 saying-330 love-329 you without-329 goal-330 manipulation using-320 phrase-320 child-319 something-320 inappropriate ASSESSMENT-318 GROOMING Because-282 grooming-282 common-282 behaviors-282 seen-281 child-281 sexual-282 fend previous-409 reviewed-409 literature-409 seems-410 support-410 this-409 conclusion should-494 possible-494 a1 ssess-494 behaviors-493 deter-14 mine-494 whether-493 they-494 are indicative-404 that-405 sexual-406 abuse-405 likely-403 occur45 have-406 reviewed-403 pub lished-424 literature-424 a1 have-425 been-425 able-425 m1 easures-426 that-425 validly assess-516 grooming-516 behaviors-516 de grooming This-516 greatly reduces-309 value-310 de practical-311 usefulness-310 de 036nition seen-393 a1 bility-393 operationalized-393 valid-392 measurement-394 processes important-362 develop-360 valid-362 measures-362 ideal-362 detection grooming-304 a1 entirely-303 post-305 process only-304 a1 fter-305 a1 buse occurs-431 gifts-431 seen-431 inappropriate-432 a1 thus-431 part-432 grooming process.-445 grooming-446 acts-446 should-4 seem-445 least-445 somewhat-446 inappropriate time-368 they-368 occurring-368 thus-369 ideally-367 adults-368 intervene-367 stop future-378 abuse.-379 resolve-378 this-378 p1 roblem,-379 g1 rooming-379 equires-377 valid-378 de 036nition psychometrically-384 adequate-385 assessment-385 procedure-384 educe-384 both-384 the number-319 false-320 positives-319 false-320 negatives currently-282 developing-281 a1 a1 ssessment-283 device-282 that-283 would-282 a1 clin ician-294 coming-294 valid-294 conclusion-293 whether-293 individual behaviors considered-372 grooming.-372 mentioned,-372 assessment-373 grooming-373 in proposed-370 de would-369 involve-370 two-step-370 process:-371 a deter-14 mining that-252 a1 dult behavior-251 inappropriate-252 a1 itself,-251 such-252 a1 tickling excessive-294 bikini-293 gift-295 justi nature-294 relationship reasonably-374 a1 guing-374 that-374 function-374 this-374 inappropriate-374 behavior increase-319 likelihood-318 future-319 abusive-319 contact What-4 223inappropriate admittedly-443 somewhat-4 vague-4 ter-14 that requires-517 judgment-519 because-520 need-519 clearly-518 dif-9 ferentiate-519 behavior from-360 nor-14 adult relationships.-358 However54 this-359 judgment-359 requirement currently-537 exists-539 other-539 psychological-538 constructs-539 a1 example diagnosis-431 major-432 depressive-430 episode-430 might-431 equire-429 that-431 clinician judges-384 client guilt-384 223excessive a1 ddition,-384 under-384 criteria-384 these judgments-469 inappropriateness-470 should-468 explicit-468 there-468 m1 clear ar17 gument-316 to why behavior-314 inappropriate Since-315 ar17 gument-315 must explicated,-311 others-312 would-311 a1 evaluate-312 a1 decide-311 whether-312 a nonproblematic-319 judgment-320 behavior45 illustrate,-351 male-353 coach-352 buying-352 eight-year10 girl-353 bikini-352 would generally-413 considered-412 inappropriate,-415 a1 buying-413 pair-414 of Case Document Filed Page of Bennett-274 2Donohue shoes-292 with-291 mother consent-292 generally-292 would-291 criticism-292 this de that-324 223appropriate behaviors-323 used-323 some-323 perpetrators groom-428 buying-428 poor-429 child-427 shoes-428 still-427 per-11 for-14 to gain-308 child trust-308 eventually-307 abuse-307 her However53 because-308 this-307 behav entirely-342 unrelated-342 abuse-344 a1 because-344 a1 ssessment-344 ought-344 to strive-324 minimize-325 false-325 positives,-324 have-325 chosen-325 require-323 that-326 groom behaviors-344 inappropriate-345 a1 themselves.-344 S1 econd,-344 recognize that-407 inappropriate-408 behaviors-406 ought-407 considered-406 grooming adult-356 of-9 fering-356 cigarettes-355 child-356 inappropriate-357 addition-356 we narrow-301 class-300 these-300 inappropriate-300 behaviors-299 those-300 that-300 a1 related-300 to increasing-319 probability-319 sexual-320 contact important-262 note-262 that-263 there-261 instances-262 which-261 question able-338 behavior-338 falls-338 some-338 gray-339 area-339 between-337 grooming-339 a1 nongrooming example,-347 father-347 buying-346 daughter-347 bikini-345 con sidered-378 inappropriate.-380 Unless-380 more-380 details-379 known-378 a1 bout-380 context-379 of this-369 purchase-370 per7 haps-371 just-370 impossible-370 mother-370 some-370 other female-434 this-433 need-433 bathing-433 suit-433 ur17 gent could explicate-414 easonable-413 a1 guments-415 that-414 behavior-413 representa tive-412 grooming.-413 most-413 logical-413 judgment-413 come-414 that-413 this behavior-314 indeter-14 minate-315 case-316 that-315 unclear-315 whether-314 should-315 be considered-318 grooming Ar17 guments-533 also-533 need-532 made-533 egarding-532 second-532 criterion-531 of de whether-452 function-452 inappropriate-453 behavior-452 to increase-332 likelihood-330 of-3 abuse-332 future.-3 Interpreting-331 behavior-332 and-3 the intentions-457 person-459 per-11 for-14 m1 behavior-457 admittedly-458 complex.-459 The rational-489 appraisal-491 behavior-489 involves-488 setting-488 universe-489 plausible interpretations-432 gathering-433 evidence-433 individual-432 case-434 rule-433 or rule-441 example,-442 male-443 neighbor-441 pool-442 buys-442 a bikini-330 036ve-year10 girl-331 come-332 over-331 swim-331 change-332 into bikini-345 a1 house-347 while-345 they-346 a1 lone-346 purchase-347 bikini-344 a1 nd having-302 change-302 house-302 without-301 guardian-303 present-301 would-301 con sidered-337 inappropriate-339 a1 thus-338 meet-339 criterion-337 de 036nition the major-346 plausible-346 interpretations-346 regarding-346 function-347 behavior include Buying-307 bikini-307 girl-307 only-307 allow-307 child-307 engage appropriate-395 activity-393 swimming.-394 Changing-394 house-394 the only-429 have-429 child-429 dressed-428 a1 ppropriately-430 swimming.-430 These facts-320 function-320 occasion-320 abuse-320 occur45 Buying-483 bikini-481 a1 having-483 child-483 change-483 alone-483 appropriate there-424 a1 more-426 appropriate,-426 prudent-425 alter-14 natives.-425 a1 ddition,-425 bikinis thought-404 sexualized-405 clothing-404 changing-405 alone-405 without-404 a guardian-291 present-291 also-291 boundary-292 violation.-290 example,-292 giving-290 m1 oney child guardian-316 whatever-315 bathing-316 suit-315 guardian-316 thought Case Document Filed Page of ooming-274 Child-273 Sexual-275 Abuse appropriate-514 per7 haps-515 piece better-512 allow-513 child engage-471 healthy-471 activity-470 swimming.-471 addition,-470 child 2s guardian-438 should-437 a1 lways-438 present-437 when-437 child-437 swimming-437 the pool-407 changing-406 into-406 bathing-406 This-406 pathway-407 does-406 increase probability-319 that-320 a1 buse-320 will-319 occur-319 future this-311 clearly-311 second-311 alter-15 native-311 explanation-311 superior-310 the fact-327 that-326 respects-325 guardian control,-325 enhances-326 guardian ability-325 to supervise-311 child,-311 does-312 isolate-312 child,-311 m1 ight-312 involve-311 less-312 evealing swimsuit,-302 a1 allows-302 guardian-302 exercise-302 discretion-301 egarding what-318 appropriate-319 swimwear45 addition,-317 because-318 alter-15 native-318 con tains-394 false-394 assertions-394 occasion-395 abuse,-394 while-393 second alter-15 native-281 contains-281 true-282 a1 ssertions-281 consistent-281 with-280 decreasing-281 like lihood-340 abuse,-341 concluded-340 that-342 behavior-340 under-341 question-340 meets-341 the second-296 criterion-296 de grooming-297 a1 functioning-296 increase likelihood-318 future-319 abuse Again,-296 advantage-296 this-295 approach-297 that-295 explicates-296 ar17 guments person behavior-406 meeting-405 meeting-406 de 036nitional-406 criteria situation-384 complex-385 because-384 often-384 grooming-385 meant-385 disguised ambiguous-369 would-be-367 abuser45 However54 this-369 a1 pproach-370 does-368 allow generation-404 a1 lter-15 natives-404 that-406 would-404 m1 prudent-405 easonable thus-443 both-443 inappropriateness-443 function-443 behavior-442 can-4 be rationally-319 identi Finally,-324 before-324 this-324 a1 ssessment-325 method-325 accepted-325 must-325 evaluated with-488 respect-488 interrater-488 eliability,-487 predictive-488 validity,-488 sensitivity,-487 and speci Currently,-305 unfortunate-306 that-306 assessment-307 meth properly-279 identify-278 grooming-279 a1 thus-279 understanding-278 psychometrics this-319 de 036nitional-319 a1 pproach-321 well-319 a1 others ought-319 priority Obviously-361 proposal-363 this-361 de just-362 a1 gen erates-357 lar17 research-357 agenda.-358 alidity-357 studies-357 need-357 sample what-423 experts-422 clearly-423 identify-421 instances-423 grooming-423 instances-422 of nor-14 behavior-501 extent-501 which-501 professionals-502 trained-501 this de correctly-400 identify-399 these-401 kinds-400 behaviors.-400 rates-401 of false-476 positives-474 false-476 negatives-475 need-475 identi these-475 sorts-475 of studies-392 m1 odi 036cations-392 de assessment,-394 training-392 need-392 to occur-461 attempts-461 minimize-461 these.-461 Randomly-461 controlled-461 studies-460 be used-458 compare-459 accuracy-459 this-458 method-458 compared-459 other-458 pro posed-368 m1 ethods-368 de S1 tudies-367 need-368 conducted-368 investigating dif-9 ferent-385 types-386 a1 buse-386 familial-386 versus-386 nonfamilial,-385 boys-385 versus-386 girls young-299 children-300 versus-299 teenagers,-301 majority-300 versus-299 m1 inority-300 culture the extent-465 which-465 this-464 de robust-465 a1 cross-465 these-465 varying-465 dimensions Again,-358 modi 036cations-356 would-356 need-356 made-357 when-356 problems-357 limitations found.-440 would-440 a1 useful-440 conduct-441 some-440 longitudinal-440 esearch with-373 high-risk-372 samples-374 deter-14 mine-373 likelihood-371 accurate-374 detection-372 of Case Document Filed Page of Bennett-274 2Donohue grooming-276 a1 prevention-274 future-275 a1 buse-276 per8 haps-276 comparison-276 with treatment-378 control Another-378 important-378 issue-379 investigate-378 what-379 sort training-340 programs-342 materials-341 need-340 developed-340 that-342 wide-340 vari professionals-465 faithfully-465 implement-466 de proposed assessment-320 methods CONCLUSIONS Currently-326 there-327 consensus-327 regarding-326 de grooming.-328 addi there-371 valid-371 method-372 assess-373 whether-371 grooming-372 occurred-372 or occurring.-316 possesses-316 a1 insuf-9 amount-316 knowledge-315 a1 bout issues-411 such-412 interrater-411 eliability-411 these-412 judgments-412 error rates-373 these-373 judgments-373 including-372 frequency-373 false-374 negatives-373 false positives.-481 Thus-482 currently-482 appears-483 that-483 grooming-483 construct-482 that ought-419 used-420 forensic-419 settings-419 a1 does-419 meet-420 some-420 cri teria-395 Daubert-395 standard.-396 Daubert-396 standard-396 indicates-395 that-396 court expert-441 witness-440 only-440 testify-441 a expert scienti technical other-364 specialized-364 knowledge-363 will-363 help-363 trier-364 fact-365 understand-364 the evidence-325 deter-14 mine-325 fact-327 issue;-325 testimony-325 based-327 suf-10 cient-315 facts-316 testimony-315 product-316 eliable-315 principles-314 and methods;-415 expert-416 eliably-414 applied-416 principles-415 meth facts-356 case Rule-356 estimony-356 expert-356 witness Right does-324 appear-326 case-325 that-324 there-323 a1 223reliable-323 p1 rinciples-323 a1 nd methods de detect-320 grooming propose-360 de grooming-360 that-360 involves-359 parts:-361 a inap propriate-283 behavior-282 part-283 adult-282 sound-282 ar17 guments-282 that-283 this inappropriate-328 behavior-326 functions-327 increase-326 probability-327 future-327 sexual abuse.-428 then-428 provide-428 exemplars-429 this-428 kind-427 inappropriate-429 behavior45 Future-319 research-319 grooming-320 would-319 m1 useful-319 data-320 were collected-323 using-324 single,-323 clear-324 de such-324 have-324 proposed This-277 would-275 provide-277 basis-277 data-277 easily-277 aggregated-277 better-277 under10 stood,-265 which-265 could-266 lead-265 admissibility-265 grooming-266 evidence-265 forensic settings.-457 Further-14 a1 currently-457 working-457 develop-457 valid-458 psycho metric-463 instruments-462 with-462 known-462 eliability-461 a1 validity-462 a1 ssess-463 grooming according-320 this-319 standard REFERENCES Certain-506 activities-506 elating-506 material-506 constituting-504 containing child-317 por-15 nography.-317 n.d In Legal-271 Infor-40 mation-272 Institute-272 online Retrieved-319 from http://w.law.cor-15 nell.edu/uscode/text/18/2252A Case Document Filed Page of ooming-274 Child-273 Sexual-275 Abuse Berliner,-614 Conte,-614 process-614 victimization:-613 victims perspective Child-274 Abuse-274 Neglect Berson,-513 Grooming-513 cybervictims:-514 psychosocial-513 fects-514 online exploitation-319 y1 outh Jour-40 School-273 iolence Brackenridge,-699 Spoilsports:-596 Understanding-595 eventing-596 sexual exploitation-275 sport London,-320 England:-319 Routledge Brown,-621 Developing-620 strategies-620 collecting-620 presenting-621 groom evidence-473 high-471 tech-472 world National-404 Center-404 osecution-404 Child Abuse-385 Update,-386 Retrieved-452 from http://w.ndaa-apri.or18 g/publications Budin,-364 Johnson,-363 Sexual-365 abuse-364 prevention:-365 fenders attitudes about-320 their-320 036cacy Child-274 Abuse-275 Neglect Bur18 Holmstrom,-407 Sexual-408 trauma-407 children-407 adoles cents:-410 Pressure,-411 secrecy.-412 L1 S1 chultz-411 Ed sexual-352 victimology-351 of youth Spring Charles-321 Thomas Christiansen,-352 Blake,-352 grooming-351 process-352 father 226daughter incest.-421 A1 Horton-422 Ed incest-361 perpetrator:-361 family-361 member-361 one wants-274 eat Thousand-320 Sage Conte,-549 Smith,-549 What-550 sexual-549 fenders-551 tell-549 about prevention-322 strategies Child-274 Abuse-274 Neglect Craven,-399 Brown,-399 Gilchrist,-398 Sexual-399 grooming-398 children:-399 Review literature-304 theoretical-304 considerations Jour-40 Sexual-259 Aggr-32 ession Elliott,-367 Browne,-369 Kilcoyne,-369 Child-368 sexual-369 abuse-367 prevention:-370 What fenders-321 tell-320 us Child-274 Abuse-274 Neglect Gallagher,-387 B1 abuse-386 children-387 public-386 care Child-331 Abuse-331 Review Gallagher,-437 extent-437 nature-437 known-436 cases-437 institutional-436 child sexual-320 abuse British-275 Jour-40 Social-275 ork Gillespie,-413 Child-413 protection-414 inter-15 Challenges-413 criminal-413 law Child-274 Family-274 Quarterly Gillespie,-653 223Grooming De 036nitions-653 law Jour-40 nal Groth,-305 Hobson,-305 child-304 molester:-305 Clinical-305 obser10 vations.-316 Conic-316 Shore-317 Eds Social-270 work-270 child-270 sexual-271 abuse Binghamton,-320 Haworth-321 Press Hartill,-466 sexual-466 abuse-467 boys-466 or18 ganized-467 male-467 sports and Masculinities Her-13 Father 226daughter-376 incest Cambridge,-439 Harvard-442 University Press Howitt,-685 Paedophiles-586 sexual-586 fences-586 against-586 childr-32 en O1 xford England:-319 John-320 iley-320 Sons Knoll,-723 eacher-726 sexual-724 misconduct:-724 Grooming-725 patter-15 female fenders Jour-40 Child-274 Sexual-274 Abuse Laudan,-365 ogr-32 oblems Berkeley,-366 University-365 Califor-15 nia Press Leber17 Understanding-366 child-366 molesters:-367 T8 aking-366 char-27 ge Thousand-429 O1 aks Sage Case Document Filed Page of Bennett-274 2Donohue McAlinden,-307 223Setting-308 up Personal,-309 familial-307 institutional-307 grooming sexual-320 abuse-320 children Social-274 Legal-273 Studies Mower54 July-285 assault-285 conviction-286 test-285 case-286 testimony-284 stan dards egas-213 Review-214 Jour-40 nal Retrieved-251 from http://w.lvrj.com/news/sex 2Callaghan,-408 November-408 Jailed-408 after-409 grooming-407 teen-408 online:-408 Facebook groomer-453 jailed South-388 ales-388 Evening-388 Post Retrieved-455 from w.lexisnexis com/hottopics/lnacademic 2Connell,-514 typology-514 child-514 cybersexploitation-514 online-514 groom ing-3 practices.-334 Retrieved-334 September-335 from http://w.jisc.ac.uk/uploaded_ documents/lis_PaperJPrice.pdf 2Donohue,-279 Clinical-239 psychology-239 philosophy-239 science Springer Rule-322 estimony-322 expert-323 witness.-323 n.d In Legal-276 Infor-40 mation-277 Institute-276 online Retrieved-322 from http://w.law.cor-15 nell.edu/rules/fre/rule_702 Salter,-261 ransfor-40 ming-2 trauma:-223 guide-2 understanding-2 eating-224 adult survivors-274 child-274 sexual-275 abuse Newbury-321 Sage Pedophilia.-317 Laws-318 2Donohue-317 Eds Sexual-271 deviance Theory,-272 assessment,-275 eatment Guilford Sgroi,-663 Handbook-567 clinical-567 intervention-567 child-568 sexual-567 abuse Lexington,-319 Lexington-320 Books Shakeshaft,-342 Educator-292 sexual-294 misconduct:-291 synthesis-292 existing-293 literatur-32 Department-375 Education-373 Document-373 ashington,-373 U.S Department-321 Education Spiegel,-276 Sexual-236 abuse-236 males:-236 model-235 theory-235 practice Brunner10 Routledge an-4 Identifying-378 child-379 molesters:-379 eventing-379 child-379 sexual-379 abuse-379 by ecognizing-273 patter-40 fenders B1 inghamton,-320 Haworth-321 Press August-392 Prison-392 online-392 grooming-392 proposed Dominion Post ellington,-248 Zealand Retrieved-251 from w.lexisnexis.com/hottopics lnacademic y1 orking-272 with-274 fenders Oxford,-321 England:-319 Perry-321 Publications AUTHOR-320 NOTES Natalie-281 Bennett,-281 graduate-281 student-281 Clinical-280 Psychology-281 Doctoral Program-435 a1 University-434 Nevada,-435 current-433 research-434 interests focus-320 child-320 sexual-321 abuse-320 assessment-321 psychological-321 constructs illiam-493 2Donohue,-494 professor-494 psychology-494 a1 University Nevada,-473 also-473 clinical-472 director-471 ictims-472 Crime eatment-410 Center53 treatment-410 clinic-409 victims-409 sexual-410 abuse-410 assault Nevada.-355 eceived-353 a1 from-355 S1 tate-355 University-353 of a1 S1 tony-320 Brook-320 Stony-319 Brook,-320 ork Case Document Filed Page of Case Document Filed Page of Chock fo pdatoo Commentary Grooming and Seduction Park Dietz Abstract Journal of Interpersonal Vlolence Vol The Author Reprints and pennlsslons sagepub.com ournalsPennlsslons.nav DOI ournals.sagepub.com/home lv ISAGE Ken Lannings recollections of the origins of the use of the term grooming to refer to techniques used by acquaintances to gain sexual access to and control over children is an important contribution to the history of the significant recognition that many cases of child sexual abuse occur at the hands of offenders who are acquaintances of the child and who do not need to use force threats or violence to gain the compliance of their victims That this recognition was slow in coming is obvious in retrospect as is true of any social problem that remains hidden for centuries only to burst into public consciousness over the course of a few years In this article I report the results of searches using Google Scholar to look at the introduction of this use of the term grooming to the peer-reviewed literature in and its increasing use through Since the usage has been adopted in hundreds of articles in the professional literature each year suggesting that this usage of the term grooming will remain common in the decades ahead I also examine the history of the term seduction in the context of child sexual abuse particularly two archaic uses of the term as a euphemism for any sexual or sexually stimulating encounter between child and adult and in the context of suggestions that it was the child who seduced the adult To avoid resurrecting any confusion over these issues it would be a mistake to abandon grooming in favor of seduction I conclude that the best strategy may be that adopted by Lanning of using the terms grooming and seduction in tandem explaining the parallels between the seduction of one adult by another and the grooming or seduction of a child by an adult Park Dietz Associates Newport Beach CA USA Corresponding Author Park Dietz Park Dietz Associates Newport Beach CA USA Email expert parkdletzassoclates.com Dietz BDC Tm Keywords grooming seduction child sexual abuse acquaintance molestation litig ation Grooming and Seduction In the development of knowledge of child sexual abuse few discoveries could outweigh the importance of recognizing that a lar18 ge proportion of of18 fenses are committed by acquaintances of the child using techniques othe than force or threat of force No individual has done more to share this insight with the international law enforcement community than Ken Lanning whose writings and teachings have also reached mental health professionals th ose who work in the criminal justice and social service systems those who care for the nation children and countless concerned citizens and parents The application of the terms 223seduction or 223grooming to th ese nonforce ful nonthreatening and nonviolent techniques has been in the service dis seminating this important insight which first burst into public conscio usness-5 as a real possibility in the as a result of partially untrue media-5 reports about the McMartin School case and the case of Father Gilbert Ga uthe,-5 both of which stories first broke in et even today65 far too many people,-5 including many who should know better40 have dif18 ficulty grasping the possibil ity of nonforceful nonthreatening and nonviolent acquaintance molestat ion,-5 as their preconceptions of childhood innocence and predatory molesters are-5 too strong to allow them to accept that children can be so readily manip ulated-5 into doing or allowing things that others find abhorrent Grooming Lanning is precisely correct in dating to the the use of the term 223grooming to refer to techniques for gaining sexual access to children and in his observation that during the this usage gradually increased sing the search capabilities of Google Scholar40 I found no use of the word 223groom ing to mean such techniques in conjunction with the terms 223child sexual abuse 223child molestation or 223child molester in the rofessional literature from through The first publication identified by Google Scholar as using the term 223grooming in this way was an article by Conte cit ing Groth and Birnbaum for the proposition that most ases except those involving abuse by a stranger40 the perpetrator involves children in sexual abuse through a grooming process in which a combination of kin ness attention material enticement special privilege and coercion ar Case Document Filed Page of BDC Tf Tm Journal of Interpersonal Violence expertly applied Groth and Birnbaum accurately describe the pro cess at but do not use the term 223grooming Figure shows how the maximum number of publications in the database using the term 223grooming for this meaning has increased since For the remainder of the zero to nine publications per year used groom ing for this meaning From the annual frequency rose from eight to and from to from to From to the ann ual frequency rose from to My own recollection of the growing use of the term 223grooming in his-5 context during the and is that it spread not only through pe er20 reviewed literature and books but also though the teaching and training being-5 conducted by Ken Lanning Ann Bur18 gess and other thought leaders of the era,-5 and that it was gradually adopted by journalists and the general public as well.-5 As the term came to be widely applied it became increasingly obvious th at-5 of18 fenders who groom children often groom the parents of those children th or18 ganizations through which they work or volunteer with children and the-5 communities in which they function The success of these of18 fenders in doing-5 so makes it all the more dif18 ficult for observers to overcome the false belief that-5 such a 223nice guy could not be harming children Lanning Dietz Lanning points to some of the ways in which the term 223groomi ng has been misapplied e.g to refer to the use of 223lures in stra nger cases or what might be expected parental behaviors in intrafamilial cases but oes Figure BDC Tf Tm Use of the term 223grooming in association with 223child sexual ab use in the professional literature accessed by Google Scholar as of August Case Document Filed Page of Dietz BDC Tm not mention the misuse of the term in civil litigation Where a victim is suing an employer or or18 ganization in connection with the sexual abuse of a minor by an employee or volunteer40 it has become commonplace for the victim advocate to ar18 gue that the failure to detect 223grooming was negligent on the part of the employer or or18 ganization If their use of the term 223grooming always encompassed excessive focus on a particular child time alone with the child or inappropriate touching this usage might not be problemati but when 223grooming is applied to such common and desirable behaviors as being kind or attentive or helpful or caring there is considerable risk of mis leading the fact finder into believing that these latter behaviors are ell established predictors of child sexual abuse when there is no evidence whatsoever that they can help discriminate between good employees and vo unteers on the one hand and risky employees and volunteers on the oth er hand In the litigation context ef18 forts to expand the concept of 223grooming to encompass desirable behaviors that are not associated with elevated risk is misleading particularly when coupled with the presumption or suggestion that 223grooming always reflects an intent or plan to of18 fend or40 worse that an of18 fense can be proved by the fact that the accused engaged in 223grooming Seduction Although I agree with Lanning that the term 223seduction i preferable to the term 223grooming at least when there is an opportunity to xplain how similar the seduction of a child is to the seduction of an age-appropria te part ner40 there is ample historical reason to be cautious about the use of the erm 223seduction in this context without further explanation This is because of two archaic usages of 223seduction in the older literature Archaic Usage Seduction as a Euphemism for the Offense One of the archaic usages of 223seduction found often in the older scientific literature is as a vague euphemism for any occurrence of child sexual a buse or an event that may have been sexually simulating to the child as in hese passages shock of some kind is held responsible for the neurosis attack by an animal a threat of castration a seduction an actual view ing of parental coitus Isaacs I wondered whether the precocity of these fantasies and their frequency might not be due to actual seduction that the child had expe rienced Rank Case Document Filed Page of BDC Tf Tm Journal of Interpersonal Violence It was expected that a connection would be found between the child symptom and the seduction which was assumed to be the trau matic factor Bornstein Where father or mother40 either consciously or unconsciously65 elevate the child into a substitute sexual partner or commit real acts seduction with him A Freud we assume that the term 221seduction refers to any kind of sexual encounter40 it can range from milder types such as exposing oneself and enticing the child to follow suit all the way to forcible rape Finch 223She was then able to use the dolls to reveal the drama of her own seduction and the ensuing family chaos Mrazek Here 223seduction is not referring to the process by which a child is groomed or seduced but to the of18 fensive event itself Freud seduction hypothesis generalized that the roots of all adult neuroses la in child hood sexual contacts with adults Gagnon The vagueness of this use of 223seduction makes it impossible to determine which chi ld sexual abuse behaviors are and are not encompassed by the term and suggests tha 223seduction may mean dif18 ferent specific things to dif18 ferent authors Authors sometimes imply that 223seduction does not include violence as when-20 they distinguish it from rape or other violent assaults as in these exa mples 223Klein has stated that an experience of seduction or rape by a grown up person may have serious ef18 fects upon the child psychic develop ment Bender Blau 223The possible event of seduction incest or rape Lewis Sarrel iolence is rarely found to accompany the incestuous act possibly because seduction passive compliance or sexual curiosity or explora tion promote such relationships Singer40 223Children can be broken much more easily than adults and the ef18 fect on them of torture hatred seduction and rape even of indif18 fer ence of deprivation of love and care the devastating one of devel opmental arrest Shengold Although this usage comports with the modern idea of seduction or grooming insofar as it is to be distinguished from the use of force threats or violence we would not today distinguish seduction from rape but rather would view seduction or grooming as a means of completing a rape or other sexual of18 fense with minimal resistance or risk of disclosure Case Document Filed Page of Dietz BDC Tm Ciof18 fi interpreted Freud as using the concept of seduction to refer-15 only to nonviolent sexual assaults writing he duly reported hat he had-15 discovered the specific cause of psychoneurotic disorder passive sexual expe rience before puberty65 In other words a seduction Ciof)18 fi quo tations of Freud in the same article support this interpretation 223Freud later-15 assigned to his patients in phrases like 221hysterics trace back their symptoms fictitious traumas patients 221ascribe their symptoms to pass ive sexual expe riences in early childhood Even here however)40 what constitutes 223passive sexual experience is unclear40 as it could mean the of18 fender did not use-15 violence that the child did not resist or that the child was not an active-15 participant Archaic Usage The Child as Seducer second archaic usage of 223seduction is to refer to the child tempting of the-20 of18 fender55 This is diametrically opposed to our current thinking about child sexual abuse in its suggestion that it is the child who is at fault as in thes examples A most striking feature was that these children were distin guished as unusually charming and attractive in their outward person alities Thus it is not remarkable that frequently we considered the possibility that the child might have been the actual seducer rather than the one innocently seduced Bender Blau 223The majority of pedophiles are harmless individuals and their victims are usually known to be aggressive and seductive children Revitch eiss many cases it was highly probable that the child had used his charm in the role of seducer rather than that he had been the innocent one who had been seduced Bender Grugett 223Abraham and Bender and Blau have commented on how charming and seductive these children can be Rosenfeld Nadelson Krieger40 Backman Three examples of authors attempting to remedy this archaic view are as follows Although there may be a dif18 ferent quality to a seduction than to an attack it must be remembered that even a seductive child cannot have full adult comprehension of the act she is courting and cannot be viewed as responsible in this area Lipton Roth Case Document Filed Page of BDC Tf Tm Journal of Interpersonal Violence 223Because the af18 fectional needs of the child are not adequately met by the parents the child may indiscriminately relate to adults in an af fection-seek ing manner in an ef18 fort to ensure her emotional survival Numerous other investigators have characterized this behavior of the chi ld as 221seductive However40 our study indicates that this behavior is instead the child often desperate attempt to meet her needs for care and attention The child behavior may often appear sexualized to an adult As a result it is more appropriate to describe this behavior as af18 fection-seeking rather than seductive Johnston pp 221Everybody knows that adults must protect themselves from ground less accusations of seductive or vindictive young people What everybody does not know65 and would not want to know65 is that the vast majority of investigated accusations prove valid and that most of the young people were less than eight years old at the time of initiation Summit Conclusion Since its introduction to the peer20 reviewed professional literature in the term 223grooming has become so widely adopted that it will rema in in5 widespread use for decades to come can and should clarify the meaning5 of the term wherever possible to avoid misuse or misleading of our audi ences could benefit from prospective studies of the frequency of groom ing-like behaviors among adults in tar18 get-rich environments such as schools,5 youth sports and youth groups which could help distinguish behaviors or tending risk from those that do not though it would require a lar18 ge sample5 and a long time to reveal at least some of the of18 fenders in the sample The two archaic uses of the term 223seduction in the context of chi ld sexual-20 abuse identified here are too recent and too widely known to justify com pletely-20 abandoning the term 223grooming in favor of 223seduction even if it were possible-20 to do so Perhaps the best strategy is that adopted by Lanning of explain ing the parallel between the courtship and mating rituals that adults us with one-20 another and the courtship and mating rituals that some use with children Declaration of Conflicting Interests The author declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research authorship and/or publication of this article Case Document Filed Page of Dietz BDC Tm Funding The author received no financial support for the research authorsh ip and/or publi cation of this article Note BDC Tm The data on which Figure is based are derived from year19.9 by-year searches of Google Scholar for the combination of the terms 223child sexual abuse and 223grooming excluding citations and patents One should not assume that the underlying database is complete or that all the publications included in the count use 223grooming in this way or represent peer reviewed literature as newsletters government reports books and other documents also make their way into such searches Nonetheless the graph gives an adequate representation of the growing use of the term 223grooming for this purpose References Abraham The experiencing of sexual traumas as a form of se xual activ ity In Jones Ed Selected papers on psycho-analysis pp London England Hogarth Press Bender Blau A The reaction of children to sexual rela tions with adults American Journal of Orthopsychiatry Bender Grugett Jr A A follow-up study of childre who had atypi cal sexual experience American Journal of Orthopsychiatry Bornstein Hysterical twilight states in an eight-year-old child The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child Cioffi Was Freud a liar Orthomolecular Psychiatry Conte The justice system and sexual abuse of children Social Service Review Finch Effects of adult sexual seduction on children Journal of Clinical Child Psychology Freud A Indications and contraindications for child analysis The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child Gagnon Female child victims of sex offenses Social Problems Groth A Birnbaum Men who rape The psychology of the offender New York NY Plenum Press Isaacs The mental hygiene of the pre-school child British Journal of Medical Psychology Johnston The sexually mistreated child Diagnostic valuation Child Abuse Neglect Kris The significance of Freud 2s earliest discoveries The International Journal of Psychoanalysis Lanning The evolution of grooming Concept and term Journal of Interpersonal Violence Case Document Filed Page of BDC Tf Tm Journal of Interpersonal Violence Lanning Dietz Acquaintance molestation and youth serv ing organizations Journal of Interpersonal Violence doi Lewis Sarrel Some psychological aspects of seduc tion incest and rape in childhood Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry Lipton Roth I Rape A complex management problem in the pediatric emergency room The Journal of Pediatrics Mrazek A The child psychiatric examination of the sexuall abused child Child Abuse Neglect Rank Where child-analysis stands today American Imago A Psychoanalytic Journal for the Arts and Sciences Revitch Weiss The pedophiliac offender Diseases of the Nervous System Rosenfeld A A Nadelson Krieger Backman Incest and sexual abuse of children Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry Shengold Child abuse and deprivation Soul murder Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association Singer Perspective on incest as child abuse Australian New Zealand Journal of Criminology Summit The child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome Child Abuse Neglect Author Biography Park Dietz MD MPH PhD was educated at Cornell Johns Hopkins and the University of Pennsylvania and taught for years at Harvard Medical chool and the University of Virginia School of Law and School of Medicine He is ow a clini cal professor of psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences at University of California Los Angeles UCLA As president of Park Dietz Associates Inc he regu larly over sees forensic evaluations of psychological damages and expert assessment of liabil ity in child sexual abuse litigation and as president of Threat Assessm ent Group Inc he regularly participates in the development and implementation of progr ams to pre vent and respond to misconduct in organizations and institutions Case Document Filed Page of Sexual-332.7 rooming-336 children:-336.2 Review-327 of literature-332.7 theoretical-336.2 considerations Samantha-502.3 Cra11 en Bro9.6 wn Elizabeth-507.7 Gilchr-10.4 ist Depar-21.7 Psycholo19.8 University47 ventr-44.4 and Depar-27.7 Psycholo13.8 Univ12.5 ersity-324.9 Canterbur-55 UK Abstract review-267.2 outline-295 existing-290.4 understanding-288.9 sexual-288.3 rooming14.4 Issues definition,-278.7 adoption-278.7 rooming preva10.8 sexual-276.3 rooming-279.1 be discussed.-358.9 Consideration-360 will-362 prominent-369.6 theor-32.6 sexual-366.2 neglect sexual-408.1 rooming14.5 follo17.7 detailed-414.1 account-408.1 existing-410.2 know10.7 ledge-404 within-414 the liter12.5 ature-26.5 Three-654 sexual-653.7 rooming-656.4 identified:-653.2 rooming-21.5 rooming-656.4 the vironment-290.6 significant-291.6 others-292.6 rooming-285.1 findings18.3 definition sexual-294.3 rooming-321 sugge10.6 findings-299.2 cor-41 respond-296.4 models-297 the sexual-234.5 offe10.2 process.-231.6 comprehensive-238.1 understanding-241.1 sexual-240.5 rooming-261.2 required-240.3 facilitat6 prevent8.9 approach-336.2 protection Keyw12.4 ords Sexual-334.8 rooming;-338.4 theor-56.6 sexual-336.2 abuse Introduction complex-262.4 nature-267.8 tactics-266.9 child-260 offenders-273.8 effor-28.6 sexually-262.8 abuse children-504.2 increasingly-500.6 evident-509.8 accounts-508.7 people-507.3 affected-505.4 predator-32.7 beha10.5 viour.-455 Sexual-466.4 rooming-476 tinent-470.9 evident-467.9 society36.9 little under-10.7 standing-380.2 phenomenon.-384.2 This-379 reflected-387.1 problems-383.6 relating-386.9 definition discussed-289.6 addition-290.4 evolut9.5 ter-22 ooming review-283.8 will consider-346.3 whether-360.5 present-355.1 aetiolog-12.3 theor-15.1 sexual-352.9 account-352.6 221sexual rooming beha10.5 deter-18.2 wledge-359.3 already-358.2 established phenomenon-465.6 sexual-466.7 rooming.-466.6 findings,-468.9 definition-468.2 is presented-327.4 consideration-337.6 wledge-335.4 sexual-328.9 rooming-338.3 relate-332.4 to models-334.2 of-3 sexual-334.9 offence-339.2 process Definition Professionals-270 definition-270.5 sexual-269 rooming-266.4 children-270.6 Gillespie,-268 Previous-434 literature-441.6 provide8.5 specific-440.9 definitions-438.6 rooming.-436.6 strengths-433.7 and responding-628 author-13.4 Samant-10.7 Crave17.6 Depar-34.6 Psychology29.6 University35.7 Street Cov18 s.crav21.2 en ac.uk Sexual-342.7 Agg-31 ression pr-9 online National-324.2 Organisat11.3 reatment-325.9 Abusers Case Document Filed Page of eaknesses-366.4 definitions-366.7 discussed-367.5 below102.1 2Connell-364.7 defines-363.3 sexual rooming-332.3 as cour-8.7 conduct-331.5 enacted-329.8 suspected-331.3 paedophile,-334 reasonable concer-25.1 meeting-238.8 child-242 conduct-247.7 be unla12.2 wful-3.3 poses.-325 suggests-335.5 that Grooming paedophiles-553.4 221entrap victims-550.9 in someways-328.1 analogous-335.1 tship37.5 definitions-300.8 problematic,-297.3 because-301.8 ter-22 paedophile.-304 Most sexual-418.8 offender-15.9 target-423.1 victims-425.1 sexual-424.8 rooming-20.8 classified-425.7 as paedophiles9.6 ter-22 221paedophile specific-261.2 clinical-269.4 diagnosis,-261.4 clearly-263.8 applicable offender-15.9 association-432.3 rooming-428.1 beha10.5 paedophilia-433.8 preve9.9 nt offender-15.9 acknow10.5 rooming-488 beha10.5 viour-9.2 addition,-490.6 people offender-297.4 identify-276 rooming-266.4 beha10.5 because-271.8 consider individual-334.2 their-346 221paedophile public-338.9 perception-334.7 paedophile-337.4 is littered-397.1 stereotypes-400.2 men stranger-13.1 perceptions-400.9 may affect-371.4 individual judgement-380.6 whether-408.4 beha10.5 obser-31 rooming misperceptions-507.1 distract-506.7 victims-509 abuser11.8 is impor-29.6 wordin10.1 definition-540.1 thwar-31.8 identification-547.5 sexual rooming-332.3 subsequent-342.2 prev15.1 ention-340.8 ending-334.5 abuse ther-23 phrase-747 conduct requires-743.9 subsequent-749.5 definition Additional-416.6 problems-419.5 include-419.9 reference-416.6 reasonable-416.5 son concer-25.1 Although-422.5 precedent-428.1 defines-429.1 phrases,-426.4 ambiguous-432.3 reader-425.7 and misinterp-12.1 retation-348.7 confusion.-347.8 These-348 definitions-348.7 confusing-26.9 at reinforce-445.8 stranger-13.1 biggest-446.2 children Consequently41 ambiguity-576.8 hinder-607.2 identification-583.4 range-577 sexual rooming-332.3 beha10.5 viour-15.2 Gillespie-339 provi10.7 definition process-246.2 child-242 befr-8.1 iended-246.7 ould-be-245 abuser-251.8 attempt-239.9 the child confidence-488.3 enabling-482 acquiesce-480.2 abusive activity68.1 frequently-303.1 pre-requisite-304.3 abuser-335.6 access-304 Gillespie based-3.3 definition-306.5 ter-22 paedophile.-310 provi10.7 the purpo-11.6 sexual-311 rooming-308.3 beha10.5 identifies-310.9 stages-311.2 This appear-10.1 appropri-11.7 published-391.2 definition-384.3 evaluation-376.9 this definition-420.3 follow-409.8 consideration-421.4 previous-417.1 literature-417.7 under-16.7 standing-416.1 about sexual-334.9 rooming Prev10.8 alence Canter,-253 Hughes-260.9 provi10.7 evidence-260.2 prevale10.2 sexual-263 rooming phenomenon.-486.1 Small-489 Analysis-489.2 beha10.5 interaction betw13.5 incarcerated-339.5 offenders-345.7 their-364 victims.-331.8 identified-343.5 three-3.7 distinct beha10.5 reper-34.2 toires-343.4 offender victim-346.9 interaction.-347.1 different-343.2 offender victim interaction-518.3 acknowledge6.4 ressiv10 identifiable-527 extreme Crav18.2 al Case Document Filed Page of violence,-461.8 threat-462.9 iminal oppor-30.6 tended-465.2 one-off-466 offences-465.3 on strangers;-501.1 intimate,-498.6 categor-10.7 identified-499.3 sexual-496.7 rooming beha10.5 viour-9.2 Canter-448.2 sample-454.1 classified-455.7 intimate offenders.-360.2 offenders-375.6 emplo9.5 intimate-364.4 beha10.5 reper-34.2 toire sexual-334.9 rooming-338.3 beha10.5 viour-9.2 figure-342.2 likely-338.6 unrepresentativ6.3 sex offender-351.3 population-341.5 Intimate-343.2 offender-15.9 physical-336.6 their victims-365.2 categor-10.7 offender-15.9 nature-369.7 beha10.5 used-371 to categor-10.7 intimate-538.1 offender-15.9 implies-536.9 they-542 likely-542.3 repor-27.1 ted identified-271.6 because-265.8 rooming-272.4 beha10.5 viour-15.2 disclosure-268.3 and viction.-375.9 likely-380.6 intimate-376.3 offender-15.9 under-represented-382.9 ison sample Figures-244.2 eight-239 victims-245.4 abuser-245.8 In offenders-255.8 substantial-251.7 interest-248.2 preve9.9 disclosure,-252.8 because-247.8 of disclosure-316.2 victim-317 woul9.5 easily-322.5 identify-318 abuser11.8 suppor-29.9 ted offenders accounts-490.7 about-484 strateg-10.1 emplo9.5 victimize-489.7 children-492.2 they sexually-520.4 disclosure-525.8 affected-523.4 they-524 victimized-522.7 victims Smith,-3.5 Aetiology-323.8 motivat11.3 abuse Before-287.7 individual-292.2 motiv13.2 needs present.-315.6 ther-23 adequate-313.9 theor-15.1 sexual-311 offending-319.5 should-316.6 account phenomenon-477.6 sexual-472.7 rooming.-478.5 recently-472.4 dominant theor-9.2 sexual-269 namely-270.3 Finkelhor Pre-condition-272.5 and Barbaree Integ-10.2 Theor-31.4 schman Quadr-11.3 Model Sieger-33.4 proposed-386.6 comprehensive-378.4 theor-33.1 sexual together strengths-349.8 theor-9.2 propose-347.6 that pathwa11.3 sexual-346.9 offending-349.5 against-344.3 children;-350.9 theor-27.1 called-348.2 The athwa12.3 Model.-424 review-421.6 shall-426 consider-424.1 each-425 iefly38 because-427.5 and colleagues-331 already-334.2 provi10.7 in-depth-334.2 reviews-332.1 Hudson Herein,-260 emphasis-257.9 will-258 placed-265.8 theor-9.2 relate-266.5 phenomenon of-3 sexual-334.9 rooming Marshall-332.2 Barbaree Integ-31.5 rat9.9 Theor-52.9 Marshall-550.6 Barbaree Integ-10.2 Theor-31.4 aetiology-539.6 sexual-544.6 offending proposes-509.7 presence-512.8 vulnerabilities,-520.5 deve10.3 result-510.1 adverse-513.7 early deve10.3 lopmental-283.2 exper-11 leav18.8 offenders-291.8 unprepared-284.1 at puber-30.7 unable-281.6 under-10.7 emotional-268.3 resultant,-278.7 offender-15.9 satisfy-278.1 their emotional-298.2 sexual-299 inappropriately-309.4 deviant-301.2 ways21.5 theor-27.1 suggests-299.5 sexual offending-445.3 occur-13.9 consequence-447.9 individual ression-446.2 becoming functions-277.7 ucture-278.8 Sieger-33.4 state need-274 functions-277.8 prox13.3 that affect-377.4 ther-23 theor-33.1 suggests-377.4 sexual-376.9 offending-379.4 be ressiv10 Therefore,-3.7 not-3 account-328.7 phenomenon-3.8 of-3 sexual rooming-20.8 because-499.4 process-497.8 sexual-496.7 rooming-512 generally-497.6 ressiv10 nature Sexual-337.2 rooming-337.9 children Case Document Filed Page of iticism-268.7 countered-267.2 definition-270.5 ression-266.5 include-264.2 indirect ression,-334.9 sexual-334.9 rooming-338.3 considered-336.5 be Hirschman Quadr-34.4 Model schman Quadr-11.3 deve10.3 theor-33.1 but applied-255.2 subsequently-264.1 child-260 sexual-257.1 model-262 suggests-257.6 someone-260.1 commits sexual-562.5 because-565.3 four-596 vulnerability-567 actor-14.3 presence-566.7 of oppor-30.6 tunity73.2 vulnerability-393.3 actor-8.3 physi9.8 sexual-394.8 arousal,-389.6 distor-35.8 cognitions justify-493.8 sexual-502.6 ression,-502.6 affectiv12.2 dyscontrol,-500 sonality-494.6 problems.-487.9 is suggested-313.4 offending-319.5 presence-321.1 vulnerability-321.4 actor-8.3 exceed-320.5 a threshold,-387 include-390 vulnerabilities.-385.9 several-378.4 problems this-249 explain-251.3 someone-248.1 chooses-247.9 offend-247.9 against-248.5 child-248 rather sexual-275 rooming-284.4 impulsive-270.6 threshold-276.7 need maintained-344.2 explain-341.2 sexual-340.9 rooming-20.8 because-343.7 it months-488.7 years.-478 theor-33.1 account-484.4 sexual rooming-302.3 accepted-297.1 example,-296.9 sexual-293 arousal-297.3 time sexually-262.8 aroused-263.8 children/child-267.5 offender-261.5 continually-265.4 aroused-263.8 them problem-419.2 theor-33.1 relates-416.6 presence-417 oppor-30.6 offenders-429.5 often create-332.1 oppor-30.6 tunities-339 offend Finkelhor Pre-condition-336.4 Model Finkelhor Pre-condition-302.4 suggests-299.5 pre-conditions-303.9 sexual offending.-304.1 motiv13.2 sexually-310.7 suggested-307.4 deve10.3 a result-318.4 emotional-328.2 cong-9.5 betw13.5 offender emotional-328.2 child ability-332 them deviant-337.1 sexual-340.9 arousal-3.2 blockage-341 sexual-334.9 of-3 offender appropri-11.7 adults second-242.5 ercome-236.3 inter-24.6 inhibitor-12.7 ercome-236.3 exter-18.4 inhibitor-18.7 ercome-236.2 child resistance.-385.8 Before-383.6 incidence-388.4 pre-conditions-393.7 be satisfied.-324.1 Although-326.6 Finkelhor-322.4 ter-22 sexual-322.9 rooming-20.8 other-9.2 ison Erooga-457 Beckett,-461.2 Sampson,-459 review9.7 ter-22 They refer-8.6 verc11 child resistance-335.3 rooming Sieger-15.9 athw23.3 Model Sieger-27.5 dysfunction-352.9 psycholog-12.7 ical mechanisms emotional-705.5 regulation,-708 intimac-14.5 deficits,-706.1 cognitive-699.3 distor-29.8 sexual arousal-626.7 deviant-623 sexual-628.4 ipts aforementioned-634.4 psycholog-12.7 mechanisms-623 are evidence-302.2 dysfunctional-310.7 mechanisms-305.5 present typically-277.5 molester-11.7 although-278.1 different-283.3 different-277.3 functions.-274.3 possible-376.5 pathways-372.6 specified-384 whichev9.9 dysfunctional-382.5 psycholog-12.7 mechanism-377.1 the dominant;-405.8 affect-407.3 other-15.1 pathwa11.3 the psycholog-12.7 mechanisms-239.6 similarly-245.4 dysfunctional.-253.3 sexual-245.1 offence-249.3 occur-13.9 the present-594.7 conjunction-599.3 sexual-592.5 addition,-592.4 Sieger-33.4 still emphasize-388.8 impor-35.5 oppor-30.6 tunity-394 nature-393.6 of sexual-484.7 rooming-500 create-481.8 oppor-30.6 tunity-489.9 offend.-484 Successful-494.6 theor-27.1 woul9.5 to account-334.7 this Crav18.2 al Case Document Filed Page of Despite-266.9 Sieger-33.4 presenting-265 athways-257.8 comprehensive-258.7 theor-33.1 of sexual-311 offending-26 considers-328.6 aetiology-317.9 consideration-319.6 offence process11.4 comprehensiv10.1 theor-33.1 necessar-33.9 consider-358.2 jour-25 initial offence-201.4 similar-203.7 ranstheoretical-200.9 Prochaska-196.6 DiClemente,-236.1 change-233.5 consider-16.8 action-236.1 beha10.5 is changed,-191.1 precontemplation,-195.3 contemplation,-198.6 preparation-189.3 maintenance-199.3 a theor-27.1 sexual-646.4 offending-655 against-649.8 children-647.9 consider-681.7 jour-25 As demonstrated-664.8 abov18.4 necessar-33.9 that-665 theor-9.2 aetiology-671.4 coherent-669.5 the phenomenon-297.9 attempting-305.6 explain.-301.8 endeav19.1 explain-299.3 sexual-299 offending impor-29.6 sexual-263 rooming-278.4 actored-262.1 equation,-266.7 because-265.8 the sexual-317 offending-319.5 phenomenon.-324.3 theor-9.2 Finkelhor Pre-condition approach Offence-329.1 process addition-470.1 Pre-condition-470.2 Finkelhor,-473 that considers-520.3 offence-512.9 process-509.8 sexual-514.6 offending.-513.7 Descr-14.7 iptive-505.2 the Offence-367.6 Hudson-369.5 provides-363.2 a detailed-257.8 account-256.8 offence-255.3 process-258.2 Pre-condition-260.5 little evidence-433.9 found-438 suppor-35.9 Finkelhor Pre-condition-440.2 Model,-436 a rounded-371.2 theor-33.1 approach-368.6 deve10.3 their-394 directly-370.9 offender-15.9 exper-11 iences identified-649 stages-640.6 offence-644.6 relates-638.2 offender backg-8.8 round-363 actor-8.3 including-366.5 their-370 perception-364.6 themselves-359.5 their-364 inning offence-363.1 whether-390.5 actor-14.3 caused-364.4 positiv10.8 negativ10.2 descr-10.2 distal-418.4 planning-419.9 access-417.8 implicit,-421.2 or explicit-405 planning-407.9 Contact-404.4 victim-406.8 four cognitive-357.8 restr-24.7 uctur-10.1 which-368 result-366.3 either-381.2 positiv10.8 negativ10.2 Stage entails-561.4 prox13.3 planning-18.6 either-560.9 self-focused,-561.9 victim-focused-566.3 a mutual-focus9.6 This-421 sexual-424.8 offence,-419.5 follow15.4 ther cognitiv12.8 restr-24.7 uctur-10.1 stage-233 results-240.9 negative-228.6 positiv10.8 aluation-239.7 future resolutions-239.6 regarding-237.7 continued-244.2 offending-241.7 resolution-239.3 will-240 either-237.4 oid future-380.9 offending-385.4 sist-386 abusive-375 patter-19.7 depicts-388.2 impact-384.4 these resolutions-335.5 offender life impor-29.6 consider-436.1 sexual-436.8 rooming-434.1 acilitates,-442.4 offence process,-446.4 under-10.7 standing-458 likely-446.4 management-4.8 offenders-459.5 potential offenders-543.3 identifying-539.3 offence-536.8 process-533.7 sexual-532.6 offence-536.8 taking-534.6 In addition,-281 reasonable-284.8 suggest-281.2 motivation-277.7 static-285.7 affected-283.8 later stages-353.1 rooming-356.2 offence-357.1 process,-350.5 cognitive-345.9 distor-29.8 deve10.3 the process-384 reinforce-391.9 motivat10.5 resulting-402 entrenched-389.2 deviant-391 sexual interest.-304.6 prov22.3 val12 treatment-303.4 rammes-304.7 effor-34.6 reducing-306.1 motiv13.2 to offend rooming-332.5 process review-343.7 identified-349.5 sexual-346.9 rooming-344.3 present-343.1 literature self-gr-11.5 ooming-18.4 rooming-476 envi10 ronment-473.9 significant-476.7 other-15.1 rooming-470.1 child discussed-589.1 explore-577.7 under-10.7 standing-583.8 sexual-580.5 rooming Understa-10.2 rooming-302.3 process-306.1 ability-302 identify-306 sexual-305 rooming-308.3 beha10.5 viour Sexual-337.2 rooming-337.9 children Case Document Filed Page of preve9.9 sexual-466.7 retrospective-460.9 identification-475.6 of sexual-580.5 rooming-26.8 sexual-580.5 offence-584.7 committed,-590.6 easier-611.9 than prospectiv8.5 identification,-310.3 before-310.9 sexual-317 offence.-311.7 Nev11 theless,-310.1 latter-317.7 necessar-33.9 in preve9.9 sexual-484.7 abuse-483 taking-480.7 reason-482.4 because-487.4 the beha10.5 viour-9.2 used-365 sexual-364.9 dissimilar-392.3 innocent-367 beha10.5 viour intended-258.1 broaden-258.6 son exper-11 difference-255.4 motivat10.5 ion underlying-3.6 behav10.3 iour rooming repor-33 treatment,-270 offender-15.9 rooming-266.4 themselves5.9 refer-14.6 justification-411.8 denial-411.9 offending-415.4 beha10.5 therefore impor-35.5 consider-364.2 rooming-326.3 process.-320.6 more reeable-533.9 phenomenon-537.5 another-551.5 oiding-539.5 ter-22 rooming Nev11 theless,-483.8 self-gr-11.5 ooming-485.7 likely-482.4 being motiv13.2 ated-508 sexually-514.4 abuse-507 subsequent-515.9 targeting-506.7 through-508.4 the justification-549.5 denial-543.7 sexual-550.6 offenders-5.3 abusing-549.5 child ther-23 self-gr-11.5 ooming-317.9 likely-308.7 affected-307.8 response-309.1 from-310 community-308.1 and success-301.2 ailure-297.4 effor-28.6 victimize-304 221Success likely-302.7 to result-294.5 justification-298 denial-292.1 actions-296.4 entrenched-299.3 sexual-293 interest-296.1 in children-438.3 motivat10.5 ailure likely-434.5 result-432.2 the desistence-382.9 offending-379.4 offender-381.3 deve10.3 loping/enahancing-388 skills/strateg-15.1 ensure success10.3 Justification-347.7 denial-340 offenders-16.2 beha10.5 manifests-344.5 cognitiv12.7 distor-29.8 tions8.5 ard Keenan-298.8 propose-293.7 offender-15.9 cognitive-286 distor-35.8 tions-291 of implicit-310.9 theor-9.2 relate-308.5 themselves5.9 victim-311 Implicit-313.7 theor-9.1 help individuals-298.6 under-10.7 around-297.3 Problems-298.6 because-301.8 offender-15.9 implicit theor-9.2 maladaptive-621.1 suppor-29.9 children.-626.5 implicit-628.4 theor-15.1 ies subsequently-371.9 affect-371.4 encoding-373.7 inter-12.6 pretation-373.8 future-374.9 beha10.5 viour-15.2 and Keenan-262.9 identified-271.6 implicit-269 theor-9.2 account-262.8 most-269 cognitive-256 distor-35.8 tions offenders:-623.7 children-618 sexual-616.5 objects;-617.4 entitlement;-616.1 dangerous-605.5 rld uncontrollability;-336.9 nature-3.7 of-3 offenders-315.7 maladaptiv13 implicit-316.9 theor-9.2 example people-249.8 implicit-251 theor-33.1 children-252.6 most-245 stranger-13.1 not consistent-271.2 research-273.5 findings6.8 easier-306.4 believe-267.5 stranger-13.1 sexually-274.8 abuse children-372.4 accept-372.7 implicit-376.8 theor-33.1 shelter people-393.5 nature-393.6 reality68.4 Offenders implicit-394.8 theor-15.1 similar-395.4 because-235.9 easier-240.5 offender-15.9 believe-231.6 child-236 seduced-246.7 accept-240.9 they sexually-334.7 abused-336.3 child Grooming-332.6 vironment-338.6 significant-339.5 others Grooming-373.8 identifying-383.6 vulnerable-378.8 sex offenders-243.8 special-238.7 ability-236.1 recognizing-238.2 vulnerable-241 children-234.6 vulnerabilities-302.3 children-300.5 relationship-299.9 parents,-298.7 do Berliner-382.9 already-376.1 victimized-384.9 Leberg-21.2 Alter-22.3 nativ12.6 ely37 offender-15.9 target-477 sexually-472.4 abused-480.1 children because-331.7 offender-3.4 consider-16.8 easier-366.3 re-victimize Crav18.2 al Case Document Filed Page of access-411.8 victim offender-15.9 envi10 ronment-414 their potential-376.9 victim significant-374.9 other-15.1 parents,-382.5 carer-9.3 teacher-9.7 etc This-379 the offender-285.4 integ-13.4 rating-274.3 themselves-269.6 society-274.6 places-269.1 likely-278.7 meet-275 children position-493.3 Offender-14.4 rooming-488 adults-493.8 this community39.3 specifically-398.4 significant-398.9 potential-400.9 of creating-278.7 oppor-30.6 tunity-280.2 access-286 children.-285 repor-33 that offenders-459.5 frequently-452.8 helpful,-454.7 insider-462.3 status9.2 an impor-29.6 gaining-568.7 access-567.6 potential-568.6 victim offender-15.9 the community39.3 consider-16.8 effor-34.6 rewarded-310.7 then children-276.6 community69.2 Offender-14.4 community-272.2 like-273 a book assess-306.2 221need fulfil-318.1 accordingly-319.1 themselv11.4 indispensable,-251.2 good-248 will-246 freely-245.6 under-34.6 take other-9.2 not-3 Leberg-21.2 desire-512.9 parents-511.8 cognitive-501.6 dissonance-515.2 assist-512.3 offender-15.9 rooming-320.3 effor-28.6 parent-319.8 suffer-321.4 cognitive-309.9 dissonance-323.5 result-318.4 concer-25.1 the ustw10.4 thiness-437.2 offender-435.2 alongside-443.4 hospitality-435.7 acceptance-440.3 offender8.1 thoughts-317.1 beha10.5 cognitive-309.9 dissonance-323.5 manifests,-323.1 thoughts changed-338.3 consistent-343.1 beha10.5 offender-15.9 insider status-272.3 before-275 abusing-273.9 victim-275 Grooming-284 therefore-273 well organized-278.5 long-ter-27.2 activity-279.3 Sanford,-282.6 Offenders-290.3 community-284.2 if victim-233.1 discloses-245.2 community-236.3 suppor-35.9 offender-243.5 rather-265.2 victim because-331.7 offender-363.3 more-3.7 believable-328.2 child intraf-13 amilial-296.6 sexual-299 offender-15.9 already-292.3 position-295.7 ust integ-13.4 envi10 ronment-396.1 where-387 access-393.8 potential-388.9 victims.-385.7 offenders envi10 ronment-282.3 targeting-279.1 single-parent-284.1 amilies-284.5 status-284.3 Elliott,-283.9 Brown10.9 Kilco8.9 Offender-14.4 because-325.7 believe-315.5 children-324.5 more vulnerable-330.9 because-331.7 believe-321.4 easier-360.3 create-332.1 oppor-30.6 tunities-339 with Alter-22.3 natively49.6 offender-15.9 target-489 children-492.2 people-495.3 absent parents,-292.7 protection.-295.5 incidence-298.6 need-298 offender-327.4 to parents9.3 become-306.8 child easily-310.5 time child Intraf-15.9 amilial-416.4 offenders-429.5 isolate-418.7 victim-412.8 non-abusing-417.2 siblings outside-377.1 developing-371.5 exclusiv7.7 relationship-383.8 instance encourage-474.7 mother-13.7 life-477 outside-478.9 then-479 es themselv11.4 increased-263.7 oppor-30.6 tunities-261.2 victims.-247.9 Alter-22.3 natively49.6 isolate-256.9 non abusing-255.9 parents-260.2 outside-257.3 preve9.9 havi11 people-255.8 whom confide-259.2 concer-25.1 Leberg-21.2 offender-15.9 encourage-259.1 mother-13.7 deve10.3 lop alcohol-343.2 dependenc-16 future-339 disclosures-346.5 credibility-347.1 Leberg-21.2 similar-299.6 strateg-10.1 emplo9.5 credibility-293.2 include-288.2 questioning-294 mother parenting-373.4 ability-373.9 member-10.9 This-373 constitute-381.2 of strategy-3.8 rooming-338.3 envi10 ronment-336.2 significant-339 other-9.2 Grooming-427.7 envi10 ronment-426 significant-428.8 other-9.2 result-426.2 implicit-430.7 or explicit-417 planning;-422.4 alter-21.7 natively49.6 access-423.8 Hudson deve10.3 conceptual-358.4 offender-15.9 implicit-358.8 planning-360 or seemingly-242.4 unimpor-29.6 decisions-241.9 SUDs implicate-244.9 offending-241.7 beha10.5 leading-247.3 them situations,-478.7 contact-477.8 with-478 children.-482.7 appear-10.1 automatic,-479.4 because although-356 offender-15.9 conscious-366.3 their-370 specific-363 behav10.3 iour-15 unconscious-366.4 of effect-334.5 of-3 implicit-340.9 behav10.3 iour-15 Sexual-337.2 rooming-337.9 children Case Document Filed Page of Gollwitzer-319.9 Schaal-323.7 suggest-323.1 through automatic-303.2 goal-dependent-309.1 action-308 SUDs-307 manifest.-304.8 Hudson-303.6 propose-281.7 action-284.1 offence-285.2 mental-284.5 simulations.-276.7 Offence manifest-559.9 result-558 associations-558.4 deve10.3 loped-558 betwee9.1 situations-560.1 and beha10.5 viour-9.2 subsequently35.4 presence-405 offence-405 activ10.4 ated without-337.8 conscious-342.3 awar13.4 possible-346.6 explanation-339 continued-340.1 offending-343.5 and relapse-331.4 follow9.5 treatment Automatic-609.3 goal-dependent-602.7 action-607.5 activ10.4 regardless-602.8 whether-606.1 an individual-597.7 committed-600.1 previous-596.8 sexual-604.5 alter-21.7 nativ12.6 mental simulation.-240.4 Mental-246.3 simulation-243.9 individual-244.3 detail-243.6 commit offence.-419.5 offence-417 presence-417 activ10.4 implicit planning-18.6 resulting-647.6 enactment-636.3 individual antasies.-624.8 notion-639.2 im plicit-414.7 planning-413.9 provide-404.8 possible-418.5 explanation-416.8 major-8.8 victims-413.1 their because-229.9 activa10.2 implicit-233 planning-234.2 likely-230.8 present-229.3 within relation-202.1 children-210.7 immediate-209.9 locality-208.4 places-191.2 individual spends-300.5 major-8.7 time reasonable-314.7 suggest-311.2 fundamental-311.2 need-310 belong-309.6 present-307.1 one possibility-594.7 under-10.7 offenders ability-595.5 identify-593.5 victim-592.5 the envi10 ronment-282.3 significant-285.1 other-15.1 Research-283.9 need-286 belong-279.6 affect-281.5 cognitive-280 functions,-292.2 attention-292 encoding-295.8 social-290.4 infor-26.5 mation-289.4 Pickett,-290.3 Gardner Knowles,-316.6 Pickett-325.4 positive-317.9 relationship-323.9 betwee9.1 need-322 belong-321.6 and sensitivity-731.6 social-727.7 Sexual-723.9 offender-15.9 often-727 neglectful,-735.2 violent-726.9 and dysfunctional-574.2 backg-8.7 rounds-573 Craissati,-572.5 McClurg-576.4 Brown10.9 envi10 ronment-569.8 is unlikely-278.8 provi10.7 abundance-281.6 oppor-30.6 tunities-279.1 emotional-280.2 closeness-280.9 offender-15.9 likely-296.7 need-292 addition,-298.9 need-298 belong-309.6 related-293.5 self-esteem Pickett-293.8 research-297.5 suggests-293.5 offender-15.9 typically-295.4 low self-esteem-328.4 Ander-14.4 Champagne,-324.1 suppor-29.9 a belong-477.3 ilitates-476.5 offenders identification-475.6 access-471.7 because-475.5 the associated-511.7 increased-515.3 sensitivity-516 social-518.1 cues10.2 Children-514.6 approached-514.6 because-517.4 the offender-267.5 perceiv11.2 less-257 threatening-255.3 Alter-22.3 nativ12.6 ely37 offender-15.9 able identify-413.8 vulnerabilities-416.1 people-411.5 because-415.6 themselv11.4 vulnerable-414.7 thus recognize-507.3 other-9.2 explanation-506.7 woul9.5 relate-506.1 offenders-519.4 commit offences-327.5 follo11.2 wing-337 implicit-328.9 planning.-326.6 Offender-14.4 explicit-327.2 planning-324.1 need belong-261.7 associated-260.2 increased-263.7 sensitivity-264.4 social-260.5 result-258.5 belong community-302.1 subsequently-306 therefore suggested-385.3 presence-387 motiv13.2 sexually-382.6 belong acilitates-266.2 identification-265.9 victim-263.1 rooming-266.4 envi10 ronment-264.3 significant other-9.2 Grooming-332.6 child Grooming-242 child-242 most-245 commonly-246.9 recognized-246.7 sexual-245.1 rooming.-250.9 addition-248.5 to desire-321.2 sexual-317 ratification,-320.1 relational-315.6 aspect-319.9 rooming process,-614.1 depending-613.3 offender motiv13.2 Sexual-616.1 rooming-613.8 been considered-456.3 analogous-454.9 addition istiansen-552.8 Blake-545 sexually-550.3 abusiv13.6 athers adopting-447.8 suitor-485 wards-445 daughter9.5 intraf-13 amilial-452.4 the offender-267.5 promotes-257.7 child-260 mother-259.3 Leberg-21.2 Alter-22.3 natively49.5 offender interact-284 child wa16 velength-277.4 Wilson-282.4 found Crav18.2 al Case Document Filed Page of offenders-351.7 abused-354.3 show16.7 preference-345.8 interacting-349.6 child lev13 and incest-375.2 offender-15.9 tended-381.3 raise-379 victim status-380.1 offenders-381.6 who abused-480.1 irls-469 concer-25.1 with-478 sexual-478.7 ratification.-481.8 beha10.5 that constitute-3.2 rooming-338.3 different-337.2 ms physi9.8 psycholog-12.7 ical Physical-521.5 rooming radual-529.5 sexualization-535.7 relationship-533.5 betwee9.1 the offender-363.3 victim-364.9 Berliner-364.9 Psycholo13.8 ical-365 rooming used-365 achiev12.6 increased-389.5 sexualization.-388.5 offender-405.2 justify-386 sexual-382.8 beha10.5 through provi10.7 version-332.2 education,-327.8 states-328.4 betwee9.1 children adults-338 acceptable-342.8 offender-339.3 responsibility-341.7 train-337 later Berliner-263.1 Leberg-22.8 abuser-263.8 builds-264.1 child istiansen Leberg-22.8 makes violate-376.6 boundar-10.8 istiansen-373.1 Blake,-272 intentionally-267.4 enter-12.3 bedroom-270 the undressed,-351.5 getting-348.4 dressed-349 together-349.4 exposing-349 himself-351.1 the child Offender-14.4 desensitize-293.7 inning-292.9 non-sexual-292.5 touching-291.1 such tickling-628.6 stroking-625.1 child versation-628.4 become-624.3 sexual Alter-22.3 nativ12.6 ely43 offender-15.9 confuse-535.5 victims-526.9 continuing-529.3 a positiv10.8 unrelated-239.7 touching-237.2 child-236 sexually-238.8 Leberg-21.2 child something-281 inappropriate-279.7 happening.-271.4 sexual touching-21.5 clothes-305.4 without-307.9 clothes-311.4 Berliner-311 istiansen-325.1 Leberg-22.8 intention-327.8 make compliant-355.1 offender sexual-358.9 demands-354.8 ercome-356.1 child resistance Finkelhor,-335.2 Leberg-16.8 addition-404.3 psycholog-12.7 rooming-398.2 increase-404.4 compliance,-407.5 used-407 to disclosure.-264.8 Children-263.1 roomed-262.9 want-259 around-267.3 rooming-266.4 them Offender-14.4 need-292 maintain-288.1 child cooperation-294.8 secrec-11.5 achieve-280.2 this offender-315.4 isolating-311.4 alienating-309.4 from-310 other-15.1 Leberg-394.2 refer-14.6 something-394.8 separate-400.3 rooming-20.8 other-9.2 consider-274.4 rooming-260.4 process11.4 Isolating-260.3 child creates-494.2 preve9.9 havi11 confidant-499.2 disclose addition,-496.6 keeping-495.5 secrets-494.3 source-499.4 isolation Children-424.8 keeping-423.7 secrets-410.4 when eter-9.2 cited-297 children-300.5 study dela10 repor-27.1 witnessed,-322.9 because-325.7 scenar-10.3 io scenar-10.3 stranger,-273.2 whom-275 children loyalty47.7 likely-320.7 children-318.5 likely-320.7 protect-316.3 wn adult strateg-10.1 used-359 offender-15.9 maintain-359.9 child compliance-357.1 include-360 issuing threats-373.4 Berliner-376.9 istiansen-385 take mater-14.7 ifts-499 ivileges-503.9 istiansen-504.8 addition offenders-453.5 skilled-449.6 children natural-448.1 vulnerabilities-446.1 against-446.2 instance children-324.5 strong-332.9 desire-345.1 protect-340.3 their-346 parents9.3 offender-351.3 infor-20.5 ms parents-433.9 doing-24.8 children-336.5 remain-332.4 silent-339.6 Berliner-334.9 Offenders-344.2 also-3.6 demonstrate-338.4 their potential-359 violence-357.5 through-358.6 violence-363.4 other-9.1 member-10.9 Thereby offenders-471.5 reinforce-463.8 message-462.2 threats-457.3 about-466 child child Sexual-337.2 rooming-337.9 children Case Document Filed Page of Offender-14.4 frequently-386.9 responsible-387.1 Leberg-21.2 van letting-386.7 the happen-424.9 should-424.4 stopped-424.5 Leberg-21.2 This-421 reinforced-424.9 by stereotypes-448.1 society42.9 emphasize-448.7 cannot-449.3 control-446 ner Additional-332.7 been-332 perfor-26.5 sexual-328.9 the abuser-377.6 another-383.8 feeling-386.5 responsibility-389.7 is vershadow17.7 self-betrayal-394.5 their-400 reacts-399.1 sexual-400.8 stimulation against-470.1 children-474.2 inter-12.6 evidence-475.9 are enjo14.1 themselv11.4 This-367 inter-18.6 nalized-370.2 resultantly-371.7 impact-366.4 child deve10.3 loping-256 identity68.4 Disclosure-248.9 because-247.8 child-248 ault that believe-327.4 victim exper-11 rooming-254.4 different,-243.9 because-247.9 offenders-255.8 strateg-10.1 ies dependent-324.7 response-327.1 rooming-320.3 process-330.1 impor-29.6 seems reasonable-392.6 suggest-395 offender-15.9 require-396.1 221empath13 rooming process-330.1 recognize-3.6 reactions-339.9 their-346 strategy-3.8 accordingly70.3 example,-452.7 desensitization-453.5 process-449.9 offender-447.2 recognize-453.4 the limits-437.2 victim-436.8 strateg-16.1 ically-441.5 increase-440.4 those-4.4 limits12 proposed-440.5 empath9.5 four-560 components:-562.6 emotion-562 recognition;-561.3 spective-t7 emotion replication;-605.7 response-608.6 decision-613 Continuing-396 previous-393.2 example,-392.8 offender-15.9 recognize-399.4 distress-397 victim-394.8 and decision-319.5 because-313.7 choose-313.5 temporar-10.3 strateg-16.1 of desensitization-267.8 process11.4 offender-15.9 appear-291.6 ability-260.1 components-260.6 cognitive-315.9 components,-323 affectiv12.2 components-326.5 While early-325 research-3.4 empath9.5 offenders-339.7 concluded-336.9 empath9.5 deficits,-334.8 more recent-233.1 research-243.6 this-237 empath9.5 deficit-236.1 victim-specific-244.1 shall Lightbody-481.6 2Sullivan7.7 Hamilton-489.2 Marshall-490.7 al inconsistent-291.8 suggestion-293.9 rooming-290.4 process-288.1 requires-288.7 lev13 el empath9.5 nandez-494 provide-482.7 possible explanation-327 suggest-323.1 victim-specific-3.9 empath9.5 deficits-326.3 manifest-326.2 cognitiv12.7 distor-29.8 protect-316.3 offenders-327.7 from-316 negativ10.2 evaluating-310 themselves5.9 allow12.8 ing continue-337.1 abusing-339.8 suggestion,-344.3 victim-specific-339.9 empath9.5 deficits consequence-292.2 rather-319.1 cognitive-280 distor-29.8 tions-291 therefore ilitate-332.4 rooming manifestation-365.5 cognitive-351.9 distor-35.8 relating-362.9 victim-specific-363.9 empath9.5 deficit acilitated-304.9 cognitive-292 deconstr-25.7 Cognitiv8.3 deconstr-25.7 uction-298.9 Hudson state-394 entered-397.9 escape-394.6 negativ10.2 exper-11 iences-395.9 negativ10.2 self aluation.-296.1 Cognitiv8.3 deconstr-25.7 uction-292.9 processing-299.9 concrete,-292.8 i.e muscular-401.6 rewards-386.6 beha10.5 rather-414.9 social-386.3 Resultantly37.2 the individual-699.6 focus-707 feelings-704.4 pleasure-699.8 awar13.4 eness-703 the consequences-334.4 of-3 beha10.5 concrete-lev8.9 reinforce-338 cognitiv12.7 distor-35.8 tions victims-275.4 enjoy19.9 because-277.8 became-273 physi9.8 aroused,-272.3 justifies-277 the offender lack-3.5 of-3 empath9.5 their-370 victim rooming-20.8 rooming-254.4 envi10 ronment-258.3 significant-255.1 other-15.1 rooming-254.4 child relev11.4 situational-295.9 preferential-295.2 offender-15.9 extra-f-14.2 amilial-290.6 intraf-13 amilial-296.6 offences7.9 impor-35.5 different-319.3 sexual-322.9 rooming-320.3 different-325.3 typologie-13.3 classifications-372.4 offenders-375.6 because-373.6 sexual-364.9 rooming-380.2 used-371 solely-368.3 of offenders-345.7 categor-10.7 mutually-324 exclusiv7.7 Itzin,-332 Crav18.2 al Case Document Filed Page of definition-335.6 sexual-331.4 rooming-338.5 children definitions-420.6 sexual-412.8 rooming-410.2 presented-417.2 review-409.6 reflect-414.8 the complexity-552.1 sexual-568.5 rooming-565.9 children,-572.6 demonstrated-569 previous discussion-401.8 different-397.1 sexual-400.8 rooming.-400.7 Based-400 abov18.4 findings-406.5 seems necessar-33.9 provi10.7 definition-366.4 attempts-354.1 encapsulate-360.9 complexity-348.4 sexual rooming-20.8 under-16.7 stand.-335 propose-335.6 follow9.5 ing process-294.1 prepares-293.3 significant-291 adults-296.1 envi10 ronment-288.3 for Specific-422.6 include-425.9 gaining-419 access-423.8 gaining-425 the child compliance-327.1 maintaining-329.7 child secrec-11.5 disclosure.-324.7 process strengthen-453.5 offender abusive-440.8 patter-25.7 of justifying-337.8 actions Conclusion Despite-458.6 acceptance-464.2 ter-22 sexual-466.7 rooming-464.1 children-462.2 under-10.7 stood clearly41.7 ticularly-419.4 public-422.7 estimonies-425.6 victims-419.1 petrators highlight-280.1 tinence-281.2 problem.-283.9 ther-23 England-287.4 ales introduced-540.1 islation-541.8 Sexual-544.2 Offences-541.7 regarding-543.2 child follo11.2 sexual-448.7 rooming section-451.1 reater-473 under-10.7 standing-452 the meaning-18.7 elements-528.7 process-527.7 sexual-520.6 rooming-535.9 required-525 effective8 utilize-524.7 this islation-338.2 review-331.8 Brow13.9 Gilchr-13.3 press Regardless-571.2 prevale10.2 tinence-568.8 sexual-568.5 rooming-20.8 aetiolog-12.3 ical theor-9.2 child-248 sexual-245.1 neglect-251.4 phenomenon.-246.5 reason-242.8 this-243 likely-248.8 be because-331.7 prominent-336.8 theor-15.1 of-3 sexual-334.9 were-326 devised-334 more-3.7 a sexual-340.9 rooming-338.3 recognized-342.6 today79.9 Therefore,-339.7 necessar-33.9 that theor-9.2 reconsidered-266.2 recent-257.1 awareness17.3 Hudson Sieger-33.4 process-443.9 theor-33.1 knitting-443.6 deve10.3 lopment While-425 Sieger-33.4 athwa12.3 account-424.5 sexual-430.8 rooming-20.8 still focuses-299.2 presence-303.1 oppor-30.6 tunity-304.2 rather-325.1 explicitly-303 recognizing-298.1 offender-15.9 often create-332.1 oppor-30.6 tunities-339 offend review-553.4 identified-559.2 three-5.4 sexual-556.6 rooming-553.9 discussed-559.2 the literature:-294.4 self-gr-11.5 ooming-24.4 rooming-296.3 envi10 ronment-294.2 significant-297 other-9.2 rooming-296.3 the Based-388 findings-388.5 alter-27.7 nativ12.6 definition-390.3 suggested,-387.8 which-386 includes details-651.2 offenders objectiv8.7 gaining-652.6 access-651.4 gaining-646.6 child compliance,-335.6 maintaining-335.7 secrec-11.5 oiding-335.9 disclosure fuller-260.8 under-10.7 standing-236.4 sexual-233.1 rooming-248.4 required.-239.9 Consideration-240.2 to offender victim-269 interaction-266.7 offence beha10.5 viour-9.2 may indicate-479.4 significant-482.7 adults-475.8 sexually-478.4 indeed-480.3 they themselv11.4 roomed-340.8 offender,-341.9 seemingly-344.2 impossible-344.7 provi10.7 ng reasonable-554.3 ambiguous-558.1 beha10.5 sexual-550.6 rooming-565.9 sexually motiv13.2 provi10.7 benefits-549.4 protection-550.6 policing-548.3 and treatment-429.2 offenders-429.5 specific-434.9 preve9.9 sexual-430.8 abuse rather-522.8 reactive-481.6 responses-501.1 optimize-501.9 impact-498.2 acquired-498.8 wledge-497.1 and under-10.7 standing-20.8 necessar-33.9 consider-292.4 findings-292.7 disseminated-296 relev11.4 ant children,-339 parents,-334.6 social-326.4 rker-9.1 Sexual-337.2 rooming-337.9 children Case Document Filed Page of References Berliner,-260.2 process-263.2 victimization:-268.4 victims spective Neglect Kirby37.4 aedop-10.7 athology32.9 iminality36.3 development-457.4 a multivariate-338.9 offence-341.4 behaviour-335.2 child-339 sexual-335.6 abuse orensic-340.8 Psychiatr-61.2 Suggestibi-13.3 witness:-416.4 histor-12.5 review-412.8 synthes-12.9 is Psycholo12 ical Bulletin istiansen,-249.2 rooming-244.3 cess-239 daughte-11.6 Ed The Incest-355.5 petrator:-364.9 Member-357.3 reat Thousand-357.1 Publications Inc What-327 sexual-320.4 offender-21.7 prevention-314.3 strateg-15.2 ies and Neglect Craissati,-317.2 Clurg-20.9 Browne,-305 Character-19.7 istics-319.6 etrators-327.6 sexual-312.9 been sexually-337.7 victimized-348.8 children Sexu-9.1 Research-339.3 reatment Crav20 Gilchr-14 press responses-252.2 sexual-244.6 roomi-11.3 Implication-253.8 prevention The iminal-336.2 Justice Elliott,-292.6 Kilcoyne,-292.5 sexual-297.7 prevention:-288.8 offender-21.7 us and Neglect nandez,-357 Mar-10 Lightbody34.9 2Sullivan,-343.6 Moleste-12.6 Empathy-345.8 Measure Descr-15.4 iption-289.6 ination-293.7 reliability-293.7 validity71.7 Sexual-289.5 Abuse:-292 Research-293.8 reatment Finkelhor,-249.6 Child-244 Sexual-244 Theor-51.7 Research Press/Lo-11.3 Collier-249.5 Macmillan Gillespie,-341.4 hild-329 protection-339.5 inter-22.9 challenges-342.9 minal-337 Child-335 ly Gillespie,-341.4 221Grooming de nal Sexual-410.7 ression-413.3 against-401.3 conceptual-410.9 spective-403.6 etiology63.8 iminal-336.2 Justice-338 Behavior Har-37 ychopathy49.4 mental-284 disorder,-283.5 Menta-10.1 isorder-269.6 and ime Thousand-342 Publications,-343.2 Inc daughter-349.8 incest Professional-332.6 Psycholo11.9 Research-339.3 Practice Of Sexual-456.5 Offences-451.8 vailable-448.2 hmso35.5 accessed-340.4 aedophiles-342.8 Sexual-335.1 Offences-330.4 Against-331.1 Children Sons paedophilia,-273.1 prostitution:-271.8 Making-262.8 amilial-261.8 visible-260.1 ers Child-335 Review shall,-434 condi-12.4 tioning-432 theor-35 etiology-437 maintenanc-13.8 deviant-438.4 sexual preference-258.9 havior20.2 Mar-10 Barbaree-257.1 Eds Handb-11.7 Sexual-251.6 Issues21.5 Theor-36.5 reatment-338.2 Offender Plenum-336.7 ss Leberg-22.7 Understanding-345.1 Child-335 Molesters:-338.3 arge Thousand-342 Publicatio-15.6 Inc Mar-10 Barbaree,-277.1 integ-11.7 theor-35 etiology-262.5 sexual-267.3 offendin-15.2 Mar-10 shall Barbaree-264.7 Eds Handbo-12.3 Issues13.9 Theor-36.5 reatment-269.9 Offender Plenum-344.2 Press Mar-10 shall,-525 Ander-18.7 Champagne,-534.3 Self-esteem-535.5 relat-9.7 ionship-530.5 sexual-532.9 offending Psychology67.5 Law Mar-10 Hamilton,-298.2 Empathy-285.1 de cognitive-287 distor-40.5 moles-11.2 ters Sexual-335.1 Research-339.3 reatment Mar-10 nandez,-319 Empathy-300.3 offender-21.7 Clinical-320.4 Psycholo11.9 Review Beckett,-425.2 Sexual-418.5 Offending-413.8 Against-414.5 Children:-425.5 Assessment-425.1 reatment-421.6 of Males Routledge ypolo14.6 Cybersexpl-14.1 oitation-536.9 Grooming-536.5 ractices ailab-11.3 safer-inter-32.2 net.net/downloads/UCLAN-500 repor-48.6 release.pdf-348.9 accessed-340.4 September-344.7 Pickett,-295.8 Gardner,-298.9 Knowles,-294.5 Getting-302.4 belong-296.3 enhanced-300.1 sensiti-13.1 to social-338.7 cues ersonality-334.8 Social-342.2 Psycholo12 Bulletin Prochaska,-302.7 DiClemente,-312.6 ranstheor-12.1 etical-299.2 therapy-12 integ-11.7 rative-289.4 change Psychotherapy:-343.4 Theor-40.5 Research-339.3 Practice Sampson,-338.5 Acts-3.3 Offenders-335.2 Justice-338 System Routledge Sanford,-339.1 Silent-335.5 Children:-342.1 arent Prevention-3.8 Sexual-335.1 Abuse McGraw-Hill Crav18.2 al Case Document Filed Page of protect-517.6 children vailable-501.3 stopitnow90.7 org.uk Stop accessed-340.4 cember-338.1 Identifying-518.4 Molester-12.1 reventing-500.2 Reco17.3 gnizi-11.1 atter-59.2 the Offenders Binghamton,-345.4 Maltreatment-343.5 Press/The-342.2 Inc itique-408.1 schman quadr-12 sexual-403.9 abuse Psycholo12 Public olicy29.5 Law Barbaree integ-19.3 theor-35 sexual-358.4 itique Psyc-9.9 holo21.8 and Law Sexual-312.1 offender-14.1 implicit-304.4 planning:-312.4 conceptu-14.3 model Sexual-304.7 of Research-339.3 reatment Finkelho-12.8 precondition-275.2 sexual-274.9 itique Psycholo11.9 ime Law Cognitive-360.9 distor-40.5 affective-363.8 de offender-14.1 A cognitive-332.5 deconstr-23.9 ucti-11 onist-332 inte-11 retation Sexual-342.7 Research-339.3 reatment Child-337 molester-18.8 implicit-342.3 theor-12.3 ies personal-339.6 Viole-12.2 nce Mar-10 descr-13.3 iptive-341.8 offense-353.7 child molester-18.8 Inter-40 personal-347.1 Violence Sieger-42.1 comprehensive-336.2 theor-35 child-339 sexual-343.2 theor-35 knitting-342.5 spective Psycholo12 Law Understanding-345.1 Child-335 Making-336.8 actics-342.5 ossible Gloucester-18.8 Hands-11 ell Emotional-278.3 cong-13 sexual-282.5 offender-14.1 against-279.9 children Sexual-274.4 Research-278.6 and reatment multi-fa-18.4 deviant-339.8 sexuali-12.5 ty76 Victimolo13.2 Inter-55.2 natio-12.3 nal Sexual-337.2 rooming-337.9 children Case Document Filed Page of
